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Volume 10, Issue 3 (Summer 2024)
Caspian J Neurol Sci 2024, 10(3): 174-189 |
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Ahmadi F, Behzadi S, Aghazadeh-Habashi K, Eyvani K, Fatehi A, Alipour M, et al et al . Dynamic Changes in Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease, and Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Pre-clinical Studies. Caspian J Neurol Sci 2024; 10 (3) :174-189
URL: http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.html
URL: http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.html
Farzaneh Ahmadi1 
, Saleh Behzadi2 , Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi3 , Kimia Eyvani4 , Anita Fatehi5 , Milad Alipour6 , Fatemeh Sodeifian7 , Faraz Rahmani Khajeh3 , AmirMahdi AzariBakhsh8 , Amirhossein Nazerian9 , Arian Tavasol7 , Andis Klegeris10 , Alyssa McElhinney10 , Nader Markazi-moghaddam11 , Mohammad Fathi11 , Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili *12 , Navid Nooraei11
, Saleh Behzadi2 , Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi3 , Kimia Eyvani4 , Anita Fatehi5 , Milad Alipour6 , Fatemeh Sodeifian7 , Faraz Rahmani Khajeh3 , AmirMahdi AzariBakhsh8 , Amirhossein Nazerian9 , Arian Tavasol7 , Andis Klegeris10 , Alyssa McElhinney10 , Nader Markazi-moghaddam11 , Mohammad Fathi11 , Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili *12 , Navid Nooraei11
1- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
2- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
3- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
4- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
5- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran.
7- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
8- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
9- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
10- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada.
11- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
12- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,mrhajiesmaeili@sbmu.ac.ir
2- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
3- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
4- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
5- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran.
7- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
8- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
9- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
10- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada.
11- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
12- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
Abstract: (983 Views)
Background: Alterations in the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolite can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Huntington disease (HD), primarily through neuroinflammatory pathways and generating neurotoxic metabolites.
Objectives: This systematic review highlights the evidence obtained by in vivo animal studies on alterations in KP metabolites and enzymes in AD and HD.
Materials & Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from the beginning of 2000 to January 2024 and included English-language in vivo articles comparing levels of KP metabolites or enzymes in rats or mice AD or HD models with controls.
Results: A total of 19 studies, comprising 93 experimental and 95 control animals, were included. In AD models compared to controls, the following changes were reported: higher levels of tryptophan (TRP) in blood; higher kynurenine (KYN) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex; higher quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels in the hippocampus and cerebrum; higher indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases levels in the cerebrum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus; and a higher KYN/TRP ratio in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Reports on HD models compared to controls showed higher 3-hydroxykynurenine levels in the striatum and cortex and lowered TRP levels in the striatum.
Conclusion: According to the primary outcomes, KP alterations may lead to the progression of AD and HD. These two diseases can also change the KP pathway factors. Here, we highlighted that changes in the KP metabolites and enzyme levels can help diagnose and treat these diseases.
Objectives: This systematic review highlights the evidence obtained by in vivo animal studies on alterations in KP metabolites and enzymes in AD and HD.
Materials & Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from the beginning of 2000 to January 2024 and included English-language in vivo articles comparing levels of KP metabolites or enzymes in rats or mice AD or HD models with controls.
Results: A total of 19 studies, comprising 93 experimental and 95 control animals, were included. In AD models compared to controls, the following changes were reported: higher levels of tryptophan (TRP) in blood; higher kynurenine (KYN) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex; higher quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels in the hippocampus and cerebrum; higher indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases levels in the cerebrum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus; and a higher KYN/TRP ratio in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Reports on HD models compared to controls showed higher 3-hydroxykynurenine levels in the striatum and cortex and lowered TRP levels in the striatum.
Conclusion: According to the primary outcomes, KP alterations may lead to the progression of AD and HD. These two diseases can also change the KP pathway factors. Here, we highlighted that changes in the KP metabolites and enzyme levels can help diagnose and treat these diseases.
Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/04/22 | Accepted: 2024/04/30 | Published: 2024/07/17
Received: 2024/04/22 | Accepted: 2024/04/30 | Published: 2024/07/17
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