@article{ author = {Keymoradzadeh, Arman and Komaki, Alireza and ‌Bakhshi, Arash and Faraji, Nafise and Golipoor, Zoleikha and Shahshahani, Paris}, title = {The Effect of Different Doses of Melatonin on Learning and Memory Deficit in Alzheimer Model of Rats}, abstract ={Background: Alzheimer Disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a progressive impairment of cognitive function. The pineal gland hormone melatonin (MEL) has been known as a protection agent against AD. However, the effect of melatonin in various doses is inconsistent. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate two doses of MEL on learning and memory in the amyloid-βeta (Aβ)-induced AD in the rats. Materials & Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the experiment and randomly divided control, sham, vehicle, AD, AD+MEL10 mg/kg, and AD+MEL 20 mg/kg groups. Intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1–42 was used to develop the animal model of AD. Also, MEL-treated groups received an intraperitoneal injection of MEL for 4 next weeks. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Passive Avoidance Learning (PAL) tests were used to examine animals’ learning and memory. The brain of animals was removed for immunohistochemistry for anti- Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). Results: Intra-peritoneal injection of MEL significantly improve learning and memory in MWM (P=0.000) and PAL test (P=0.000), but there were no significant changes in the two groups that received the melatonin (P>0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed that the clearance of APP deposition in the AD+MEL20 group was considerable compared with the AD+MEL10 group (P=0.000). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of melatonin have similar results on learning and memory in the AD model. But 20 mg/kg of melatonin has significantly more effect on the clearance of APP deposition.  }, Keywords = {Melatonin, Alzheimer Disease, Memory, Learning}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.1}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shaygannejad, Vahid and Barzegar, Mahdi and Manouchehri, Navid and Esmaeil, Nafiseh and Nehzat, Nasim and Badihian, Shervin and Ashtari, Fereshteh and Mirmosayyeb, Omi}, title = {Anti-myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Aquaporin-4 Negative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder}, abstract ={Background: The absence of Aquaporin-4 Antibody (AQP4-Ab) in a fraction of the Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) patients has led to a search for other serologic markers. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein component of the myelin sheets encapsulating the neural fibers. Objectives: We aimed to compare the presence and levels of anti-MOG (Ig-G) in a group of seronegative NMOSD patients with a healthy control group. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 NMOSD patients with negative AQP-Ab status, who were referred to the Neurology Clinic of Kashani University Hospital in Isfahan City, Iran, from March 2015 to March 2016, and 26 healthy controls were consecutively recruited. Their baseline demographic and clinical data were recorded. Serum anti-MOG levels were measured in both groups. The obtained data were analyzed using the Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and Chisquare test in SPSS V. 18. Results: The anti-MOG test results were statistically higher in patients (n=12, 37.5%) compared to controls (n=0, 0%) (P<0.0001). The level of anti-MOG in Healthy Control (HC) was higher compared to patients with negative anti-MOG (P<0.0001) and was lower than patients with positive anti-MOG (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Our study showed that nearly one-third of seronegative NMOSD patients were positive for MOG-Ab. Further studies are needed to assess the characteristics and outcome of these patients.}, Keywords = {Neuromyelitis optica, Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Aquaporin 4}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-16}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.7}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Abtahi, Seyed Hamidreza and Abtahi, Seyed Mojtaba and Mirdamadi, Motahare and Nilforoush, Mohammad Hossein and ArjmandiRad, Shirin and Nazari, Seyedeh Mahbobe}, title = {The Long-term Effect of Neurofeedback Therapy as Adjuvant Therapy on the Management of Tinnitus: A Prospective Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Background: Recently, various studies have been performed to examine the effect of neurofeedback on treating tinnitus. However, these studies reported different results. In this process, the nervous activity of the patient is evaluated. For example, the aspects associated with brain processes are extracted through temporal processing signs, and then auditory or visual feedback is given to the person. Objectives: The present study investigates the effect of neurofeedback sessions on treating tinnitus. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, 30 patients with tinnitus who met the inclusion criteria were included. They referred to the otorhinolaryngology clinic of Azahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan City, Iran. The patients underwent 20 sessions of neurofeedback and were examined at time intervals before the intervention and then 1, 3, and 5 months after the intervention. To evaluate the patients, we used tinnitus handicap inventory and visual analog scale. To examine the changes in VAS and THI data at different times, repeated measure ANOVA test was utilized. The significance level was considered less than 0.05. The analysis was performed in SPSS V. 24. Results: Five months after the intervention, tinnitus handicap inventory (P<0.001) and visual analog scale (P<0.001) scores of the patients significantly improved. Also, no complication resulting from the use of neurofeedback was observed in the patients. Conclusion: Usage of neurofeedback sessions as adjuvant therapy could be an effective treatment in patients who suffer from tinnitus.}, Keywords = {Tinnitus, Neurofeedback, Adjuvants}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-21}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.4}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rangrazian, Fatemeh and Kiamarsi, Azar and Kazemi, Rez}, title = {Effectiveness of Illness Management Program on Positive/Negative Symptoms, and Insight of Schizophrenic Patients}, abstract ={Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder with positive and negative symptoms, and insight is involved in its prognosis. Illness management is considered a skill and strategy for patients with some mental disorders. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the illness management effectiveness on the positive and negative symptoms and insight in schizophrenic patients. Materials & Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental, controlled study with a pre-test-posttest design. The study population included all schizophrenic patients admitted to the Shafa Hospital, Guilan Province in the North of Iran, from March 2019 to April 2020. The sample included 30 schizophrenic patients selected using the convenience sampling method and was divided into 2 groups (experimental and control groups), with 15 patients in each group. For data collection, the scale for the assessment of negative symptoms, the scale for the assessment of positive symptoms, and the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorders were used before and after the intervention. Illness management was performed on the experimental group as group therapy. The control group did not undergo any concomitant intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 24 using the univariate analysis of variance in normal distribution and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the variable which didn't follow the normal distribution.. Results: Results indicated that illness management could effectively alleviate the positive and negative symptoms and improve the insight in schizophrenic patients (P<0.01). Conclusion: Illness management was influential on the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus, this therapeutic modality can be used as an effective technique in hospitalized schizophrenic patients.}, Keywords = {Disease management, Affective symptoms, Awareness, Schizophrenia}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {22-29}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.3}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Tofighian, Shohreh and Khanehkeshi, Ali and AkbarnatajBisheh, Kolsom}, title = {The Effect of Executive Functions on Tolerance and Quality of Life of MS Patients: Path Analysis Pattern}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease is a chronic, debilitating, and often progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that is affected by cognitive and emotional dimensions, and also, this disease affects these dimensions. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the effect of executive functions on the tolerance and quality of life of MS patients. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 290 MS patients were selected as the sample size by simple random sampling method from the statistical population consisted of all 687 patients with MS disease in Gorgan’s MS Association, Gorgan City, Iran, in 2020. To collect data, we used Nejati’s executive functions questionnaire, McGuigan and Hutchinson’s quality of life questionnaire, and Simons and Gaher’s tolerance scale. Path analysis by SPSS V.18 and AMOS V.23 software was used for data processing. Results: According to the results of path analysis, executive functions affect -0.371 and tolerance -0.257 on the quality of life (P=0.01), and in total, that can explain 44% of the variance. Also, tolerance mediates the relationship between executive function and quality of life. Conclusion: Executive function is related to the quality of life of MS patients by the mediating role of tolerance, in the sense that a higher ability to tolerate increases the constructive effect of executive function on improving the quality of life.}, Keywords = {Executive functions, Quality of life, Tolerance}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-36}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.23.2}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khoshrang, Hossein and Taramsari, Morteza Rahbar and EmirAlavi, Cyrus and Soleimani, Robabeh and Rimaz, Siamak and Sedighinejad, Abbas and Habibi, Mohammad Reza and Bayat, Zoleikh}, title = {The Quality of Informed Consent Obtaining Before Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Report From a Referral, Academic Hospital}, abstract ={Background: In patients undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), obtaining written Informed Consent (IC) must be the standard measure before the procedure. The patient must be informed about the risks and benefits of the treatment and alternatives. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the quality of IC obtaining before the ECT course in an academic hospital in the North of Iran. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted at an academic center in the north of Iran during 2018-2019. Firstly the patients’ mental capacity was assessed, and if it was not adequate for giving informed consent, a patient’s relative was interviewed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V. 22. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality assumption. To compare the mean scores in subgroups, we applied t-test. Results: A total of 259 people enrolled in the survey and were interviewed. Schizophrenia was the main cause of receiving ECT. The Mean±SD score of receiving information was 8.22±3.68 (0-16), understandability of IC 3.03±1.76 (0-6), patients’ voluntary acceptance of the treatment 1.38±0.68 (0-4) and physician-patient relationship 6.11±2.16 (0-12). The total Mean±SD score was 18.05±3.16 (0-38). Conclusion: IC process was not optimal in our center; however, great trust in the physicians was noticeable. The physician-patient relationship had the highest score while the intentional obtaining of informed consent achieved the lowest.}, Keywords = {Electroconvulsive therapy, Informed consent, Inpatients}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-41}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.6}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-387-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-387-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {NazariBarchestani, Zahra and Rafieirad, Maryam}, title = {The Effect of Herniarin on Spatial Working Memory, Pain Threshold, and Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Hypoperfusion Model in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Ischemia causes severe neuronal damage and induces oxidative stress, memory impairment, and reduces pain threshold. Herniarin is a powerful antioxidant. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of herniarin on memory, pain, and oxidative stress in an ischemia model in male rats. Materials & Methods: In this study, 50 male rats were divided into 5 groups of control, sham, ischemic, and two other ischemic groups, which received herniarin at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg by gavage for 14 days. Behavioral tests were performed by shuttle box, and Y-maze and pain tests were performed by Tail-Flick test. Then, the rats’ brains were extracted to evaluate lipid peroxidation and measure the levels of thiol and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) in the hippocampus and striatum tissues. The results were expressed as Mean±SEM and then analyzed using suitable statistical methods of ANOVA and least significant difference post-hoc test in SPSS V. 20. Results: Herniarin significantly increased the avoidance memory, spatial memory, and pain thresholds of ischemic rats at different concentrations (P<0.001). Besides, the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol in the ischemic group increased significantly in comparison to the control group (P<0.001). Also, in the ischemic group, GPX (P<0.001) significantly decreased. Decreased MDA (P<0.001) and thiol (P<0.001) and increased GPX levels were observed with herniarin administration (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to this study’s results, herniarin can remove free radicals and oxidant substances from the brain. Thus, it improves memory and pain thresholds in the brain hypoperfusion ischemia model.}, Keywords = {Herniarin, Memory, Pain, Oxidative stress, Cerebral ischemia, Rats}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-50}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/CJNS.7.24.5}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2021} }