Volume 5, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)                   Caspian J Neurol Sci 2019, 5(2): 73-80 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Attar Ghasbe F, Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh N, Yousefzadeh-Chabok S, Reihanian A, Ghorbani Shirkouhi S. Comparison of Religious Teaching with Muscle Relaxation Methods on Anxiety Patients. Caspian J Neurol Sci 2019; 5 (2) :73-80
URL: http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html
1- Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
2- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
3- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Full-Text [PDF 1309 kb]   (697 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (2400 Views)
Full-Text:   (667 Views)
Highlights 
● The use of the religious teaching module reduces the anxiety in psychiatric patients.
● Religious teachings and relaxation techniques are equally effective in alleviating the anxiety of psychiatric patients. 
● It is suggested that the complementary and low cost methods be used to reduce anxiety instead.
Introduction:
Anxiety is a generalized unpleasant and often important emotion accompanied with one or multiple physical sensations such as palpitation, headache, and restlessness. Preparing the individual for facing threats, anxiety is an alarming symptom for peril [1]. 
About half of the beds in psychiatric hospitals are occupied by patients with schizophrenia [2] while other patients suffer severe psychiatric disorders [3]. Anxiety disorders comorbid with most of these psychiatric illnesses, affecting patients’ functioning and recovery [4]. For instance, a meta-analysis showed that anxiety disorders had a significant risk in the group with bipolar disorder compared to the control group (45%) [5]. In another meta-analysis on 52 eligible studies, a 12.1% comorbidity existed for schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 14.9% with social phobia, 10.9% with general anxiety disorders, 9.8% with panic disorder, and 12.4% with post-traumatic stress disorder.
It is important to evaluate and treat anxiety disorders [3] that can create positive outcomes for patients [4]. Severe anxiety is also correlated with the onset of hallucination, which may prove dangerous for patients and their family. Most of these comorbid anxiety disorders with psychiatric illnesses remain undiagnosed and, therefore, untreated [6]. The high degree of comorbid anxiety in these patients increases the need for medications and the use of combination drugs will cause further problems. Moreover, comorbidity of two psychiatric disorders increases the risk of mortality and reduces functioning and quality of life [7]. 
Although medications can successfully treat anxiety, they have limitations for patients with psychiatric illnesses. Psychiatric medications alone or in combination with other medications have side-effects, and some patients do not complye [8] and find themselves at risk of medication dependence [9]. Therefore, medication adherence in these patients is of utmost importance. Compliance with medication is low among patients receiving antipsychotics, varying from 5% to 50% among those with psychosis, reaching 75% about 12-18 months after discharge [10]. Lack of medication adherence in these patients may result in negative consequences such as increased risk of relapse and rehospitalization, increasing the clinical and economic burden. Therefore, non-medical techniques are important for treating comorbid anxiety disorders in these patients [11]. 
Relaxation technique, which reduces anxiety, is an acceptable non-medical alternative for treating anxiety [12]. First developed by Jacobson (1938), it is a systematic technique assisting deep relaxation, decreasing anxiety in psychiatric patients, and enhancing their quality of life. In fact, relaxation is taught to create an appropriate response to anxiety. Relaxation technique can be used to consciously think and change an individual’s physical, emotional, and behavioral state affected by stress [13]. Based on various studies, relaxation effectively reduces anxiety caused by chemotherapy [14], anxiety in patients with endometriosis [8], pain and anxiety after abdominal surgery (restricting relaxation to the jaws) [15], anger and depression, [16] and premature birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [17].
On the other hand, relaxation has lost its popularity as a non-medical therapy for treating anxiety on its own and, thus, combination methods are recommended. Comparing the effects of cognitive therapy and relaxation on anxiety, some studies concluded that cognitive therapy is more effective than relaxation, while other researchers found them equally effective [18]. Many religious teachings are somehow related to the stabilization of individual’s inner peace. Although all the teachings of Islam focus on the health and success of human being in this and the other world, some specific teachings focus on the prevention of psychiatric problems and enhancement of psychiatric peace. Patience, belief in God, faith, remembering God, sincerity, repentance, prayer, altruism, hope, belief in the afterlife, human immortality, and remembering death are religious teachings which play a significant role in preventing psychiatric problems and anxiety [17]. This explains the increased interest in the effects of religious teachings on psychiatric adjustment [13].
Patience is a religious teaching that specifically decreases anxiety. Most importantly, patience secures physical and psychiatric health because it prevents impetuous and irrational acts, and invites individuals to reflect, thereby preventing many actions with irreversible physical and psychiatric harms [19].
In a meta-analysis, Coruh et al. (2005) reviewed studies from 1999 to 2003 on the effects of religious teachings on health. They concluded that prayer and religious interventions can improve the immune system, rheumatoid arthritis, intrauterine fertilization, and reduce the duration of fever in infectious diseases and the length of hospitalization. In addition, religious teachings decrease cardiovascular diseases, decrease tendency to addiction [20], improve depression [21], decrease psychiatric pressure and improve quality of life [22, 23], reduce dyskinesia [12], improve psychiatric status and quality of life [24], decrease anxiety, and increase hope [25].
The review of experipsychiatric studies on anxiety shows that limited information exists on the effect of religious teachings on anxiety in patients with psychiatric illness, especially those with a high level of comorbid anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of religious teachings on anxiety in these patients and compare the effects of religious teachings with those of relaxation methodswhich has long been accepted as an elective method for reducing anxiety. We hope this study can help reduce using expensive invasive and medical therapies for anxiety, and demonstrate the priority of non-medical treatments. 
Materials and Methods
This research was a controlled quasi-experipsychiatric study with a pretest-posttest design. Sampling began from March to June 2016 in different wards of Shafa Teaching Psychiatry Hospital in Guilan Province, Iran. Convenience sampling was used for the first stage, and the selected samples were assigned to different groups randomly in the second stage. Therefore, the research population comprised all 100 patients in seven wards of the hospital (except the pediatric ward). Based on the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) administered via interviews, 60 patients showed symptoms of anxiety but only 45 patients met the inclusion criteria, and were randomly allocated to three groups (n=15) of religious teachings, relaxation, and control.  These three groups were matched only in terms of anxiety, and it was not possible to match them for other psychiatric disorders. In other words, they all had anxiety at a moderate or high level (range of 32 to 80). 
The researcher (an M.A. student of psychology) visited all wards to select the cases and examine their records to know them and their psychiatric disorders better. If the recorded diagnosis was a type of schizophrenia or other delusional disorders, consent was sought from the patients’ psychiatrist, psychologists, and family. Coordination was made with the social work unit and the families were asked to receive the consent form, complete it, and return it to the researcher when they came to the hospital to visit the patient. If patients had other and less severe disorders, consent was received from the patients themselves. 
The questionnaire was completed in the same way for all patients, i.e. through interviews, so that patients with limited literacy and illiterate patients could also participate in similar conditions. Inclusion criteria were age above 18 years, having a moderate or high anxiety level based on the STAI, and not taking sedatives or anti-anxiety drug medications during the course of the study. Exclusion criteria were patient’s decision to stop the intervention for any reason, and the researcher’s decision that the patient could not receive the intervention. 
To determine the sample size, it was assumed that r is the number of intended pairwise comparisons (here, r=3). Therefore, the sample size for each group would be:


Using the above-mentioned formula, type I error of 0.05, and power of 80, sample size was determined to be 15 in each group. In order consider ethics, patients and their families were briefed on research objectives, and were informed that the research would cause the patients no harm, that they could withdraw from the study at any stage, that their data would remain confidential, and that not participating in the study would not affect the treatment and care process.
The religious teaching module was taught twice a week (12 group sessions in total). This protocol was developed and used by Farshad et al. (2015) [26]. The content of these sessions is summarized in Table 1. Relaxation was taught twice a week (16 sessions in total) for two months, and the sessions lasted ~1 hour. Jacobson’s method was used in which the patients were told to tense and then relax 16 muscle groups [27]. The control group received no training. STAI was completed again as the post-test through interviews.
Data collection instruments
STAI inventory was developed by Spielberger (1983) as a self-report instrument with two separate forms and 40 items, allowing the respondents to express their level of anxiety with the score of 1 for no anxiety to 4 for severe anxiety [28]. In recent years, this scale has been used in Iran and other countries as the most common test for evaluating anxiety. STAI was standardized in Iran in 1993 by Gholami et al. (2017) who examined its reliability in case and normal groups (n=600). Results showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 90.84 and 90.25 for state and trait anxiety, respectively. Reliability of the test was also calculated via the ratio of true scores to the observed variance, equaling 0.946 in the normal group. Responses were scored based on the test formula. Therefore, the scores of state and trait anxiety scales could fall within the 20-80 range. Scores 20-31 indicate mild anxiety, 32-42 low-to-moderate, 43-53 moderate-to-high, 54-64 relatively severe, 56-75 severe, and >76 very severe [29]. 
Analysis
The data were analyzed in SPSS V. 18 using descriptive statistics including central tendency measures (Mean±SD) as well as Univariate Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) with post-hoc test for testing the main hypothesis: the effect of religious teachings and relaxation on anxiety as compared against no intervention. 



 
Results
Based on the results, the majority of respondents (37.8%, n=17) belonged to the age group of 31-35 years, most of them (64.4%, n=29) were women, most had an education level of below high school diploma (46.9%, n=33), were single (71.1%, n=13) and unemployed (3.53%, n=24).
Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, STAI scores had a normal distribution. STAI scores were p=0.177 and  KS Z=1.1  before the intervention, and P=0.744 and KS Z=0.68 after the intervention in the religious teaching group, P=0.353 and KS Z=0.93 before the intervention, and KS Z=0.577 and P=0.894 after the intervention in the relaxation group, and P=0.193 and KS Z=1.08   before the intervention, and P=0.375 and KS Z=0.913 after the intervention in the control group.
Table 2 shows that the Mean±SD of anxiety scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the other groups on post-test (p=0.036 and F=3.59) (Table 2). To eliminate the effects of pre-test scores and determine the difference across groups in terms of post-test scores, the equality of variances among groups was first examined using Levene’s test. Based on insignificant alpha=0.01, it can be assumed that the variances are equal. Then, using ANCOVA, a significant difference was observed among the three groups after eliminating the effects of pre-test scores (p=0.0001 and F=19.11). Because Eta=0.483, this is a considerable effect (Table 3).


 
The post-hoc Bonferroni test revealed that a significant difference exists between post-test scores of the religious teaching group (p=0.001 and MD=8.03) and those of the control group, as well as relaxation and the control groups (p=0.0001 and MD=12.48). However, no significant difference was observed in mean post-test scores between religious teaching and relaxation groups (p=0.094 and MD=4.45) (Table 4). Thus, it can be concluded that religious teachings and relaxation are equally effective in reducing state anxiety.


 
Discussion
The hypothesis that religious teachings can be as effective as a non-medical therapy and can reduce anxiety like relaxation was confirmed. Religious teachings can be used to easily decrease anxiety in patients with psychiatric illnesses without any side-effects and with minimum costs. In the study by Jafari et al. (2013), religious and spiritual teachings for six weeks reduced psychiatric pressure and anxiety in patients with cancer, leading to better adjustment with cancer [24]. Furthermore, according to Khatooni, the use of religious teachings, prayer, and listening to recitations of the Holy Quran effectively reduced anxiety, consistent with the present study [30]. 
Furthermore, based on psychoneurophysiologic theories, religious teachings create positive emotions. Through the autonomous nervous system, these emotions contribute to the optimal functioning of physiological systems including the cardiovascular, digestive, and immune system. The effect of psychiatric status on immune system has been extensively studied. People receiving religious teachings also experience anxiety, but can relieve themselves from the unpleasant psychiatric situation more quickly than others [31].
Results of the present study, like many similar studies, revealed that relaxation effectively decreases anxiety. Moreover, this technique reduces anxiety in patients after coronary bypass surgery [31], patients with Parkinson’s disease [12], and those with schizophrenia [32]. Results of the study by Wels and Pals also showed that relaxation reduces anxiety, consistent with the results of the present study [33, 34]. In contrast, a study on patients with heart failure reported that relaxation did not decrease anxiety as measured with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Anxiety increases the serum level of catecholamines, adrenocortical hormones, prolactin, cortisol, and prostaglandins [35]. Relaxation technique reduces some chemicals in blood, including adrenal hormones, thereby decreasing the patients’ anxiety [36]. Relaxation affects anxiety, probably through the stimulation of parasympathetic activity which decreases heart rate, breathing, and symptoms of state anxiety.
Lack of a significant difference between religious teachings and relaxation indicates that these two methods are equally effective in reducing anxiety. The main aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of religious teaching and relaxation on the level of anxiety, and the hypothesis of the similarity of the two methods was confirmed. These results are in line with those of studies reporting the effects of non-medical combination therapies to be equal in reducing anxiety [18]. In the study by Hamid (2012), psychiatric imagery and relaxation reduced anxiety and enhanced hope in Iranian women with breast cancer [25].
Some studies state that relaxation leads to physical and psychological improvement during and between sessions, while religious teachings improve psychological status only between sessions. An active method for reducing anxiety is repeated exercises during sessions (from the third and fourth sessions on). Moreover, patients may repeat these exercises several times a day, but listening to cognitive teachings is a passive method [18]. 
In contrast, some studies report that relaxation requires concentration, which may contradict relaxation. However, listening to cognitive teachings does not require an active response from the patients; therefore, the resulting relaxation is deeper [14]. Nevertheless, both methods had equal effects in the present study. Now, the question is which one is the most effective for patients, or which method must be chosen. This depends on the patients’ request and type of disease. It can be assumed that relaxation validates listening to religious teachings. In the present study, patients with psychiatric illness with moderate and severe anxiety were sensitive to these interventions. We need more studies to examine different types of psychiatric illnesses.
One of the limitations of this study was failure to examine anxiety in every session, i.e. examining the effect through the process of intervention. The design of this study was quasi-experipsychiatric because it was impossible to control all confounding variables. Furthermore, the mean score increased in the control group after the intervention, while they had not officially received any instruction. Thus, hospitalization and receiving medical and non-medical therapies such as counseling, therapeutic communication, and occupation therapy routinely provided by psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses had therapeutic effects on the control group. 
This shows that confounding variables such as the interaction of patients in the control group with those in the experipsychiatric groups were not effectively controlled. Thus, it is recommended that the effects of treatment be followed over time while examining the interaction or combination effect of relaxation and religious teachings on one group. A qualitative study is also recommended as a complementary study after the intervention to examine the experiences of patients. Also, longitudinal studies can be designed to compare the reliability of these two methods over time. 
Conclusion 
Religious teachings and relaxation are equally effective in reducing anxiety in patients with psychiatric illness. Therefore, it is suggested that these complementary and cost-effective methods be implemented for decreasing anxiety.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All the study procedures were in compliance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki 1957. 
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from fund-ing agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
The authors contributions is as follows: Conceptualization: Fateme Attar Ghasbe; Methodology: Naema Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh; Invesigation: Naema Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh; Writing original draft: Anita Reihanian; Writing review and editing; Funding Acquisition: Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok; Resources: Samaneh Ghorbani Shirkouhi; and Supervision: Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok 
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ms. Kazemi for translating the manuscript.
Refrences
Dehghan-nayeri N, Adib-Hajbaghery M. Effects of progressive relaxation on anxiety and quality of life in female students: a non-randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2011;19(4):194-200. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.06.002] [PMID]
Modabernia MJ. The Study of Frequency Self Care Strategies against Auditory Hallucinations. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2012;14(1):23-8.
Young S, Pfaff D, Lewandowski KE, Ravichandran C, Cohen BM, Öngür D. Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychopathology 2013;46(3):176-85. [DOI:10.1159/000339556] [PMID]
Achim AM, Maziade M, Raymond É, Olivier D, Mérette C, Roy M-A. How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophr Bull 2009;37(4):811-21. [DOI:10.1093/schbul/sbp148] [PMID] [PMCID]
Pavlova B, Perlis RH, Alda M, Uher R. Lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(8):710-7. [DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00112-1]
Mawson A, Cohen K, Berry K. Reviewing evidence for the cognitive model of auditory hallucinations: The relationship between cognitive voice appraisals and distress during psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30(2):248-58. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.006] [PMID]
Altamura AC, Serati M, Albano A, Paoli RA, Glick ID, Dell’Osso B. An epidemiologic and clinical overview of medical and psychopathological comorbidities in major psychoses. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;261(7):489-508 [DOI:10.1007/s00406-011-0196-4] [PMID]
Zhao L, Wu H, Zhou X, Wang Q, Zhu W, Chen J. Effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on anxiety, depression and quality of life of endometriosis patients under gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;162(2):211-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.02.029] [PMID]
Kasomo D. An assessment of psychopathology in drug addicted victims: A clinical psychologist perspective. International Journal of Applied Psychology. 2012;2:17-21. [DOI:10.5923/j.ijap.20120203.01]
Liu-Seifert H, Osuntokun OO, Feldman PD. Factors associated with adherence to treatment with olanzapine and other atypical antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2012;53(1):107-15 [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.12.003] [PMID]
Thompson L, McCabe R. The effect of clinician-patient alliance and communication on treatment adherence in psychiatric health care: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12(1):87. [DOI:10.1186/1471-244X-12-87] [PMID] [PMCID]
Lundervold DA, Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Behavioral relaxation training for Parkinson’s disease related dyskinesia and comorbid social anxiety. Int J Behav Consult Ther 2013;7(4):1-5. [DOI:10.1037/h0100957]
Karekla M, Constantinou M. Religious coping and cancer: Proposing an acceptance and commitment therapy approach. Cogn Behav Pract 2010;17(4):371-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.08.003]
Lee E-J, Bhattacharya J, Sohn C, Verres R. Monochord sounds and progressive muscle relaxation reduce anxiety and improve relaxation during chemotherapy: a pilot EEG study. Complement Ther Med 2012;20(6):409-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2012.07.002] [PMID]
Soliman H, Mohamed S. Effects of zikr meditation and Jaw relaxation on postoperative Pain, Anxiety and physiologic response of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. J Biol Agric Healthc 2013;3(2):23-38.
Smith C, Hancock H, Blake-Mortimer J, Eckert K. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med 2007;15(2):77-83. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2006.05.001] [PMID]
Chuang L-L, Lin L-C, Cheng P-J, Chen C-H, Wu S-C, Chang C-L. The effectiveness of a relaxation training program for women with preterm labour on pregnancy outcomes: A controlled clinical trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49(3):257-64. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.09.007] [PMID]
Mohamed Mehdi Safourai Parizi SQ. [Religious doctrines and their role in the prevention of psychological trauma 2004]. Available from: http://marifat.nashriyat.ir/node/1975
Çoruh B, Ayele H, Pugh M, Mulligan T. Does religious activity improve health outcomes? A critical review of the recent literature. Explore (NY) 2005;1(3):186-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.explore.2005.02.001] [PMID]
Tahmasbipour N, Taheri A. The Investigation of Relationship between Religious Attitude (Intrinsic and Extrinsic) with depression in the university students. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2011;30:712-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.139]
Homayouni A. The role of personality traits and religious beliefs in tendency to addiction. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2011;30:851-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.165]
Ramirez SP, Macêdo DS, Sales PMG, Figueiredo SM, Daher EF, Araújo SM, et al. The relationship between religious coping, psychological distress and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. J Psychosom Res 2012;72(2):129-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.012] [PMID]
Jafari N, Farajzadegan Z, Zamani A, Bahrami F, Emami H, Loghmani A, et al. Spiritual therapy to improve the spiritual well-being of Iranian women with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 353262. [DOI:10.1155/2013/353262] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hamid N. The effect of relaxation and psychiatric imagery and relaxation therapy on anxiety and hopefulness in women with breast cancer in Ahvaz. Asian J Med Pharm Res 2012;2(1):10-5.
Farshad MR, Kalantarkousheh SM, Farahbakhsh K. [Effectiveness of Psychological tranquility based on Islamic teachings on psychological well-being in shahed school Boy students]. Islam and Health Journal 2014;1(4):41-48.
Jacobson, E. Progressive relaxation (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: University of Chicago Press; 1938.
Speilberger C, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg P, Jacobs G. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists; 1983.
Gholami Booreng F, Mahram B, Kareshki H. Construction and validation of a scale of research anxiety for students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2017;23(1):78-93. [DOI:10.18869/nirp.ijpcp.23.1.78]
Khatooni A. [The effect of voice of the Holy Quran on anxiety in patients admitted to cardiac care units in a selected hospital in Tehran, 1997].[MSc thesis] School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. 1997.
Dehdari T, Heidarnia A, Ramezankhani A, Sadeghian S, Ghofranipour F. Effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on quality of life in anxious patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Indian J Med Res 2009;129(5):603-9.
Chen WC, Chu H, Lu RB, Chou YH, Chen CH, Chang YC, et al. Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation training in reducing anxiety in patients with acute schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2009;18(15):2187-96. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02773.x] [PMID]
Wells N. The effect of relaxation on postoperative muscle tension and pain. Nurs Res 1982;31(4):236-8. [DOI:10.1097/00006199-198207000-00012] [PMID]
Gaylord C1, Orme-Johnson D, Travis F. The effects of the transcendental mediation technique and progressive muscle relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and psychiatric health in black adults. Int J Neurosci 1989; 46(1-2):77-86. [DOI:10.3109/00207458908991618] [PMID]
Zakerimoghadam M, Shaban M, Mehran A, Hashemi S. [Effect of Muscle Relaxation on Anxiety of Patients Undergo Cardiac Catheterization]. Hayat 2010; 16 (2) :64-71.
Leonard BE, Song C. Stress and the immune system in the etiology of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996;54(1):299-303. [DOI:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02158-2]
Mackereth PA, Booth K, Hillier VF, Caress A-L. Reflexology and progressive muscle relaxation training for people with multiple sclerosis: a crossover trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2009;15(1):14-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctcp.2008.07.006] [PMID]
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2019/02/2 | Accepted: 2019/03/3 | Published: 2019/04/1

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb