OTHERS_CITABLE The Role of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on the Quality of Life of Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Background: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and its post-traumatic stress remarkably influence the patients’ Quality of Life (QOL). Besides, some health determinants such as self-efficacy beliefs can change QOL of patients, too. Objectives: To determine the role of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and self-efficacy beliefs on the QOL after traumatic SCI. Materials & Methods: Out of 133 SCI patients studied from Spinal Cord Injury Center of Rasht City (North of Iran), 90 qualified for this cross-sectional study. A senior psychologist conducted structured interviews for 70 people at the center and another 20 patients at their homes, because of their inability to come to the center. Data collection instruments were researcher-made questionnaire containing both individual-social and lesion-related variables, post-traumatic stress scale for DSM-5, Sherer general self-efficacy questionnaire and the SCIQL-23 (Spinal Cord Injury Quality-of-Life-23) questionnaire (to assess the QOL in patients with SCI). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS through the Pearson correlation coefficient, Independent student t test and hierarchical regression analysis (after adjusting confounding demographic factors). Results: Correlation coefficients showed that the QOL of SCI patients decreases (P<0.0001) with an increase in symptoms of PTSD and improves (P<0.0001) with increasing self-efficacy beliefs. Hierarchical regression analysis also revealed that after removing the effect of the confounding variables (duration of lesion, gender, type of lesion, having a bedsore, catheter, nurse, diaper, wheelchair), signs of PTSD (F=7.38, P<0.0001) and self-efficacy beliefs (F=18.35, P<0.0001) significantly explained 66% of the total variance of SCIQL-23 scores. Conclusion: The results of this research stresses on the prevention and treatment of PTSD and promoting self-efficacy beliefs in SCI patients in order to improve their QOL. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf 2018-04-01 39 48 10.29252/cjns.4.13.39 Quality of Life Spinal cord injuries Self-efficacy Stress disorders Post-traumatic Zeinab Alijani Roudbaneh 1 Department of Psychology, Guilan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-837X Sajjad Rezaei rezaei_psy@hotmail.com 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-9669 Seyyed Vali-allah Mousavi 3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-8946 Hamid Heidary 4 MD, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center (GRTRC), Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7381-3000
OTHERS_CITABLE The Consistency and Construct Validity of Wolf Motor Function Test With Functional Variables and SF-36 Questionnaire in Iranian Stroke Patients Background: One of the most important indicators for assessing the validity of a scale is the determination of the construct validity of that scale. Since no standard gold test exists to measure the upper limb function in patients with stroke, the study of the construct validity of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) is of particular importance. Objectives: To evaluate the construct validity of the scores of the Persian version of the WMFT with functional variables, as well as to verify its convergence validity with the physical component summary of the SF-36 Health Survey, and its discriminant validity with the mental component summary of SF-36 Health Survey. Materials & Methods: The tests were conducted on 56 patients with stroke, and the scores were calculated. By using this data, the construct validity of the Wolf scale and the convergence and discriminant validity of the scores derived from the Persian version of WMFT, and the physical and mental component summary of the SF-36 Health Survey were obtained. Results: There was no significant correlation between the age and duration of the stroke in patients, and the total functional score and the median time of performing the tasks of the Persian version of WMFT (P>0.05). No significant difference was seen between the sexes in terms of the total score of performing tasks, but the median time of performing the tasks was significantly different between men and women (P=0.04). There was a moderate statistical correlation between the scores of the Persian version of WMFT and the physical component summary (r=0.60, P<0.001 and r²=0.74), and the mental component summary of SF-36 Health Survey (r=0.60, P<0.001 and r²=0.82).  Conclusion: The Persian version of WMFT has acceptable construct validity with functional variables and the overall score of the SF-36 questionnaire. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.pdf 2017-12-05 49 56 10.29252/cjns.4.13.49 Stroke Validity Quality of life Function Kamran Ezzati ez_kamran@yahoo.com 1 Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-5290 Mahyar Salavati Mahyarsalavati@gmail.com 2 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-4373 Iraj Abdollahi ir.abdollahi@uswr.ac.ir 3 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-8513 Hasan Shakeri ha.shakeri@uswr.ac.ir 4 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9487-5347 Kimia Esmaili kimiaesmaili@gmail.com 5 Physiotherapist, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0013-0577-6143
OTHERS_CITABLE Psychopathological Symptoms in Caregivers of Patients With Vegetative State Background: Taking care of patients in a vegetative state is a great challenge and affects the mental health of the caregivers. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the psychopathological symptoms in caregivers of patients with Vegetative State (VS) and determine the demographic and social predictors of the common symptoms. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an educational hospital in the north of Iran from 2012 to 2013. The psychopathological symptoms of 80 caregivers of VS patients were evaluated by Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire. Results were analyzed using SPSS (Version 18) by the Mann-Whitney U test. Finally, the predictors of psychopathological symptoms were determined through a simple regression model. Results: The highest scores of the psychological symptoms were of the depression subscale (2.88±0.86) and somatoform subscale (2.85±0.83). The psychopathological symptoms including somatoform (P=0.012), obsessive-compulsive (P=0.032), depression (P=0.035), anxiety (P=0.027), phobia (P=0.015), and paranoid ideations (P=0.027) were significantly higher in women than in men. However, there was no significant relationship between these symptoms and marital status. The simple regression model showed that none of the sociodemographic variables could predict psychopathological symptoms in the caregivers. Conclusion: A significant number of caregivers had psychopathological symptoms, especially depression and somatoform complaints. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.pdf 2018-04-01 57 63 10.29252/cjns.4.13.57 Persistent vegetative state Caregivers Psychology Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok 1 Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-7550 Mohammadreza Emamhadi 2 Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9577-5866 Babak Alijani 3 Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-6236 Marzieh Cheragh Sepehr 4 Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-7226 Naema Khodadadi- Hassankiadeh n_khodadady@yahoo.com 5 Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-6770
OTHERS_CITABLE Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Pain Control in Multiple Sclerotic Women Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system. This disease can deeply affect patient’s occupational and social activities. The goal of this psychological intervention is to help these people cope up correctly and efficiently with the challenges posed by this disease. Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in pain control in a group of women with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods: The present controlled semi-experimental study was conducted on a statistical population of women with MS in the Sari MS society during 2014-2015. Eighteen subjects were selected using the convenience sampling and assigned to either control or the experimental group. The experimental group was treated by ACT for 8 weeks (weekly 2 hours). Before the treatment, just after the treatment completion and, after one and a half months of the follow-up period, the assessment was performed. Experimental group data collection tools comprised of the Nicholas’ Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Statistical covariance tests were used to analyze the results in the SPSS software version 16. Results: Pain control received the higher scores in the experimental group as compared to the controls (P<0.001, F(1, 11)=26.53). This finding remained true during the follow-up period (P<0.001, F(1, 11)=56.55). Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of ACT in the pain control in women with MS, and this would help to broaden the horizon of the clinical interventions. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.pdf 2018-04-01 64 70 10.29252/cjns.4.13.64 Multiple Sclerosis Pain Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Parisa Rezapour rezapour.info@gmail.com 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-4694 Ahmad Borjali borjali@atu.ac.ir 2 Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Hamidreza Hatamian 3 Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Fatemeh Shafaei 4 Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Khadije Janalipour khadijejanalipour@gmail.com 5 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Prevalence of Tremors in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Isfahan, Iran Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Tremors are a common problem in the patients suffering from MS which is mostly observed in the arms but can also affect the other body parts. There have been few studies on tremors among the MS patients.  Objectives: This study is the first to report the prevalence of tremor in a group of MS patients in Iran. We have also reported the possible associations between the presence of tremor and different forms of ataxia.  Materials & Methods: This study was performed on a group of MS patients in Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Patients were interviewed, and a neurologist carried out the neurological examinations, including the evaluation of the type of tremor with the help of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS); ataxia clinical scale for dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria and gait ataxia. Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part 3.15 to 3.17 was also used for tremor classification. Tremor-related disability and handicap were scored by using Disability and Handicap Questionnaires.  Results: Out of the 164 patients, 113 had tremor (69%) of which 23 were males (20%), and 90 were females (80%). A strong correlation between tremor and ataxia was reported while there were no correlations between tremor and patient’s gender, type of MS or the first clinical presentation. Twenty-three of the 164 patients suffered from the incapacitating tremor and had serious problems doing certain tasks. We also reported tremor to greatly affect the daily activities. Conclusion: The frequency of tremor in MS is relatively high. Strong correlation is between tremor and ataxia but not with the gender, the type of MS or the first clinical presentation. The tremor of MS greatly affected the activities of the daily living. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.pdf 2018-04-01 71 76 10.29252/cjns.4.13.71 Multiple Sclerosis Tremor Prevalence Mehri Salari mehri.salari@gmail.com 1 Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-00021675-681X Omid Mirmosayyeb omid.mirmosayyeb@gmail.com 2 Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-2985 Masoud Etemadifar etemadifar.1963@gmail.com 3 Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-3782 Hamidreza Hatamian 4 Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Zohre Rahimi fasa775@yahoo.com 5 Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4742-4102 Hosein Delavar Kasmaei h.dk59@yahoo.com 6 Department of Neurology, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8689-9058 Sare Shahidi fasa775.fs@gmail.com 7 Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-5708 Fateme Sabeti sabetifateme@yahoo.com 8 School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2328
OTHERS_CITABLE The Effectiveness of Yoga Therapy in Increasing the Self-Efficacy of Women With MS Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is chronic and debilitating neurological disease which occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Myelin degradation is common in certain areas such as the optic nerve, brain stem, and cerebellum, which causes problems such as imbalance, inability to perform daily tasks, and ultimately affects and reduces the self-efficacy of the affected individuals. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of yoga therapy in increasing the self-efficacy of women with MS living in Rasht, Iran. Materials & Methods: This research is an applied experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included MS female patients in Rasht City who were members of the MS Society up to 2016. A total of 30 people were selected randomly and divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received yoga therapy for 3 months. Two groups completed the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy Scale (MSSS) before and after the intervention. All data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (group factor analyzed with two levels of yoga therapy in a group and control manner, and time factor analyzed with three levels of pre-test, post-test and follow-up) in SPSS V. 21. Results: Analysis of variance by measurement method and analysis of the variance of 2 in 3 mixture (group agent with two levels of yoga therapy in a group and control manner, and time factor with three levels of pre-test, post-test and follow-up) with a significant level of P<0.05 showed that yoga therapy is effective in increasing the self-efficacy of patients with MS. Conclusion: Yoga therapy is effective in increasing the self-efficacy of MS patients and can be used as a supplementary therapy to improve condition of these patients and increase their self-efficacy. http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.pdf 2018-04-01 77 82 10.29252/cjns.4.13.77 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Yoga therapy Self-efficacy Khadije Janalipour khadijejanalipour@gmail.com 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-8557 Ali Essazadegan 2 Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran AUTHOR Elham Jahanbin 3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Hamidreza Hatamian 4 Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Different Immune Cells Related to Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of young adults with an unknown etiology, but cellular immune responses and inflammation has a pivotal role in this regard. The higher incidence of MS among women indicates the possible involvement of female sex hormones on the disease course. Progesterone and estrogen are the most important sexual hormones in women. They exert different immunomodulatory effects through both nuclear and membrane associated receptors present in different immune cells. The immunological effects include shifting the immune response towards Th2, stimulating Treg production, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, prohibiting cell migration into Central Nervous System (CNS), suppressing proinflammatory immune cells, stabilizing the neuronal environment, and promoting neuronal survival, all of which might ameliorate the condition in women suffering from MS. Some clinical trials have reported a correlation between the use of Oral Contraceptives (OCs), which contain estrogen and progesterone, and MS among women. Some of these studies show a positive effect of OC usage on the onset and severity of the disease while others have found no significant impact. In this review, we collected articles published between 1995 and 2017 from PubMed Central and Google Scholar for evaluating effects of estrogen and progesterone on different immune cells related to MS.  http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.pdf 2018-04-01 83 90 10.29252/cjns.4.13.83 Multiple Sclerosis Estrogen Progesterone Immune cells Aryan Rafiee Zadeh rafieezadeh.a@gmail.com 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-4207 Keyvan Ghadimi keyvanghadimi@yahoo.com 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-7069 Banafsheh Mohammadi banafsheh.mo1360@gmail.com 3 Gynecologist, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-9295 Hamidreza Hatamian 4 Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Seyed Navid Naghibi navidnaghibi.neuro@gmail.com 5 Kashani Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Kashani Hospital, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3863-1724 Ali Danaeiniya alidana_2010@yahoo.com 6 MSc. in Physiology, Department of Biology, Isfahan Payam-e-Noor University, Isfahan, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-8444