@article{ author = {Mohammadianinejad, Seyed-Ehsan and Majidinasab, Nastaran and Nejati, Adel and Hatamian, Hamidreza and Mehramiri, Asieh and Sajedi, Seyed-Aidin and Hesam, Saee}, title = {Tapering Oral Steroid Treatment After IV Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy in Demyelinating Optic Neuritis}, abstract ={Background: Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve. Because of importance of vision for human, management of optic neuritis is an important issue in neurology. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the effect of oral steroid treatment after intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone therapy on demyelinating optic neuritis. Materials & Methods: 60 Patients with first episode of acute demyelinating optic neuritis who referred to a neurology clinic in an academic hospital in south-west of Iran in 2015-2016 included in this randomized double-blind clinical trial study (No: IRCT2015102724735N1). They were divided into two groups with (A) and without (B) tapering oral steroid treatment after IV methylprednisolone. Visual acuity and color vision were measured before treatment, before oral tapering, 1 and 3 months after treatment. Independent t-test in SPSS software version 20 was used to analyze the data. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Results: Visual acuity in two groups did not have any significant difference in any time point of assessment (P>0.05).Frequency of color vision abnormality in groups A and B were at baseline (53.3% vs. 56.6%) (P=0.796), before oral tapering (43.3% vs. 30%, P=0.284), 1 month after treatment (23.3% vs. 30%, P=0.559), 3 months after treatment (0% vs. 23%, P=0.011).  Conclusion: Oral steroid treatment after IV methylprednisolone pulse therapy improves color vision after 3 months in patients with demyelinating optic neuritis but has no effect on visual acuity.}, Keywords = { neuritis, Methylprednisolone, Therapy}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.1}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zebardast, Maedeh and DanayeTous, Maryam}, title = {The Impact of Word Regularity on the Reading of Normal and Aphasic Gilak-Persian Adults}, abstract ={Background: Various factors influence the natural processing of words. The present study sought to investigate the effect of the regularity variable on the reading of words. Objectives: The participants in the study were 50 normal and 5 aphasic people (of Broca, transcortical motor and conduction aphasia types) who were selected through convenience sampling method. Materials & Methods: It was a quantitative study with quasi-experimental design. In this research, reading aloud subtest of the test 53 of the Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA) battery of tests was nativized and used. First, the mean and standard deviation was computed for the test scores of the two groups of participants (i.e. normal and aphasics). Regarding the aphasics’ data, after verifying their normality of distribution by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, paired samples t-test was used to compare the mean scores on the results of the test on regular and exception words. Results: Since normal subjects scored a perfect grade (SD=0), it was found that the regularity variable had no effect on the reading process in these individuals. Based on the results of paired samples t-test in the aphasic subjects (P=0.25), it was found that the regularity variable in these individuals has no effect on their reading process, too. Conclusion: The evidence from the present study shows that the word regularity has no impact on the reading of words in both normal and aphasic adults. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings would be discussed.}, Keywords = {Aphasia, Reading, Language }, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {6-12}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.6}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Chitsaz, Ahmad and Najafi, Mohammadreza and Shirmardi, Maryam and Mehdipour, Roshanak}, title = {Celecoxib or Prednisolone for Treatment of Medication Overuse Headache: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial in Migrainous Patients}, abstract ={Background:Treatment of Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) is yet under debate and Celecoxib as a Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) -inhibitor has not been tried widely as a pain relief drug for this type of headaches in migrainous patients.  Objectives: comparing the efficacy of celecoxib versus prednisolone for withdrawal period of MOH. Materials & Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out, on 75 patients with MOH who visited the Isfahan Neurology Clinic in 2016. They were assigned into two groups of oral prednisolone and celecoxib prescribed for 15 days. Any changes in the duration (average hours of daily headache), frequency, and severity of headaches, and intake of rescue medication and their side effects were recorded after the 15-day intervention period. Data were analyzed by independent t, paired t, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon test, and chi-square tests in SPSS software version 20. Results: Average duration of headache in both groups significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.001). It decreased significantly in celecoxib group (P=0.04). Headache frequency decreased more but not significantly in the celecoxib group (P=0.08). Considering MIGSEV (Migraine Severity) and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) scales, headache severity alleviated significantly after treatment in both groups (P<0.001). The decrease was more noticeable in the celecoxib group. Need for rescue medications (P=0.048), and side effect appearance (P=0.001) was also lower in patients who took celecoxib, compared to the other group. Conclusion: Celecoxib showed higher efficacy and fewer side effects, compared to prednisolone in treatment of medication overuse headache in migrainous patients.}, Keywords = {Headache, Celecoxib, Prednisolone}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-17}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.13}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Abdolghaderi, Marie and Kafi, Seyed-Mousa and Saberi, Alia and Ariaporan, Saee}, title = {Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Hope and Pain Beliefs of Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain}, abstract ={Background: Patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) suffer from physical and psychological disability. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) may be an effective treatment option for patients with chronic LBP, but its efficacy on hope and pain belief is uncertain. Objectives: To determine whether MBCT could increase hope and be effective in pain beliefs in patients with LBP. Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 patients with chronic LBP were selected by convenient sampling method from Neurology and Neurosurgery Clinics affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Gilan Province, Iran. Subjects were divided into experimental (MBCT) and control groups (n=15 each) by random sampling method. The experimental group as an intervention received 90-minute weekly MBCT sessions for eight weeks. Adult dispositional hope scale (Snyder hope scale) and pain beliefs and perceptions inventory were administrated to both groups as pretest-posttest. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS 20. Results: Mean age of the patients was 38.41 years. All of the subject were women with high school education. MBCT significantly increased the hope of patients with chronic LBP (P<0.001), however, it was ineffective in pain beliefs. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrates that MBCT can be an effective treatment for increasing the hope of patients with chronic LBP. MBCT may be developed for alleviating LBP.}, Keywords = {Mindfulness, Low back pain, Hope, Pain }, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {18-23}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.18}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mashayekhi, Sohail and Saberi, Alia and Salehi, Zivar}, title = {Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in Meningioma}, abstract ={Background: Meningioma is one of the most common tumors of the central nervous system. It was shown that meningioma had up-regulated expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) that involved in cell growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.  Objectives: The aim of the study was the assessment of serum MMP-2 and -9 levels in patients with different grades of meningioma.  Materials & Methods: The study included the number of 66 normal control and 101 patients with different grades of meningioma (42 cases of grade I, 38 grade II and 21 grade III). The serum samples was recruited between March 2013 and August 2017 at the Departments of neurology and neurosurgery, in an academic hospital affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences, in the north of Iran. MMP-2 and -9 levels determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All data presented are expressed as mean±Standard Error of the Mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA by SPSS software, version: 24.0 and only values with P≤0.05 were considered as significant  Results: We showed that the level of MMP-2 and -9 in the serum samples of patients with meningioma was higher than in controls (P<0.01). We also showed that all serum samples from patients and controls, presented MMP-2 and -9 expression, whereas, starting from grades I to III meningioma, a significant increase of MMP-2 and -9 protein expression was observed (P<0.05).  Conclusion: It is concluded that MMP-2 and -9 are a constant composition of human serum. It is also concluded that MMP-2 and -9 might be involved in the pathophysiology of meningioma and their detection in serum may be useful in classifying meningioma.}, Keywords = {Matrix metalloproteinases, Gene expression, Meningioma}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.24}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Barzegar, Mahdi and Shaygannejad, Vahid and Mirmosayyeb, Omid and Valipour, Samane and Akbari, Roya and Vesal, Sahar and Ashtar, Fereshte and Dehghani, Leila and Mohammadi, Abdolrasoul and Esmaeil, Nafiseh}, title = {Serum Bilirubin Level Changes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the Central Nervous System (CNS). In addition to the role of immune mediated mechanisms, oxidative and nitrosative stress also play an important role in neuropathology of MS. Bilirubin as an endogenous antioxidant has neuroprotective effects; however few studies have assessed the association between serum bilirubin level and MS. Objectives: To evaluate serum level of bilirubin in MS patients. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from participants who referred to Kashani MS clinic in Isfahan between July 2016 and July 2017. A total of 80 MS patients (67 females and 13 males) and 94 Healthy Control subjects (HCs) (62 female and 32 male) enrolled. Compression of bilirubin levels between MS patients and HCs was done with covariance analysis. Regression analysis was used to assess the relation between bilirubin concentration and EDSS. SPSS software version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Results: The level of Direct bilirubin (Dbil) was significantly lower in MS patients compared with HCs (P=0.02). Otherwise the serum concentration of Total bilirubin (Tbil) and in Direct bilirubin (Ibil) were higher in MS patients, but it was not statistically significant. There was a negative correlation between Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and bilirubin levels (Tbil, Dbil and Ibil) but it was not significant.  Conclusion: Bilirubin level is lower in MS patients and deficit of its antioxidant level may play role in neuropathology of MS.}, Keywords = {Bilirubin, Multiple sclerosis, Antioxidants}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-34}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.30}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ShervinBadv, Reza and Memarian, Sara and Ghahvechi, Masoud and FarshadMoghaddam, Hossein and Saidi, Maryam and Mohsenipour, Reihaneh and Rahmani, Parisa and Yarali, Bahram and Gorji, Mojtaba and Gharib, Beh}, title = {A Case Report of Congenital Myasthenia Gravis Presenting With Respiratory Distress}, abstract ={Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS) are rare inherited disorders characterized by dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Most patients with congenital myasthenic syndromes present in the infancy. Major symptoms of affected individuals include weakness and fatigue during the first years of life. Patients may show hypotonia, facial weakness, swallowing difficulties, respiratory dysfunction, ptosis and ophthalmoparesis. Here we report a 6 month old boy congenital myasthenia gravis due to homozygous mutation in COLQ gene. The patient presented with several episodes of apnea and didn’t have ptosis until 6 months of age, and even at this time it started as just left eye ptosis and after a few days became bilateral. He had been misdiagnosed with several other causes of episodic apnea. Later by using electrophysiology he was diagnosed as congenital myasthenia gravis and mutation analysis of the patient revealed the presence of mutation of COLQ gene and was treated successfully.}, Keywords = {Myasthenia gravis, Congenital, Apnea}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-38}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.cjns.4.12.35}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {AlijaniRoudbaneh, Zeinab and Rezaei, Sajjad and Mousavi, Seyyed Vali-allah and Heidary, Hami}, title = {The Role of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Efficacy Beliefs on the Quality of Life of Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury}, abstract ={Background: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and its post-traumatic stress remarkably influence the patients’ Quality of Life (QOL). Besides, some health determinants such as self-efficacy beliefs can change QOL of patients, too. Objectives: To determine the role of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and self-efficacy beliefs on the QOL after traumatic SCI. Materials & Methods: Out of 133 SCI patients studied from Spinal Cord Injury Center of Rasht City (North of Iran), 90 qualified for this cross-sectional study. A senior psychologist conducted structured interviews for 70 people at the center and another 20 patients at their homes, because of their inability to come to the center. Data collection instruments were researcher-made questionnaire containing both individual-social and lesion-related variables, post-traumatic stress scale for DSM-5, Sherer general self-efficacy questionnaire and the SCIQL-23 (Spinal Cord Injury Quality-of-Life-23) questionnaire (to assess the QOL in patients with SCI). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS through the Pearson correlation coefficient, Independent student t test and hierarchical regression analysis (after adjusting confounding demographic factors). Results: Correlation coefficients showed that the QOL of SCI patients decreases (P<0.0001) with an increase in symptoms of PTSD and improves (P<0.0001) with increasing self-efficacy beliefs. Hierarchical regression analysis also revealed that after removing the effect of the confounding variables (duration of lesion, gender, type of lesion, having a bedsore, catheter, nurse, diaper, wheelchair), signs of PTSD (F=7.38, P<0.0001) and self-efficacy beliefs (F=18.35, P<0.0001) significantly explained 66% of the total variance of SCIQL-23 scores. Conclusion: The results of this research stresses on the prevention and treatment of PTSD and promoting self-efficacy beliefs in SCI patients in order to improve their QOL.}, Keywords = {Quality of Life, Spinal cord injuries, Self-efficacy, Stress disorders, Post-traumatic}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {39-48}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.39}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ezzati, Kamran and Salavati, Mahyar and Abdollahi, Iraj and Shakeri, Hasan and Esmaili, Kimi}, title = {The Consistency and Construct Validity of Wolf Motor Function Test With Functional Variables and SF-36 Questionnaire in Iranian Stroke Patients}, abstract ={Background: One of the most important indicators for assessing the validity of a scale is the determination of the construct validity of that scale. Since no standard gold test exists to measure the upper limb function in patients with stroke, the study of the construct validity of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) is of particular importance. Objectives: To evaluate the construct validity of the scores of the Persian version of the WMFT with functional variables, as well as to verify its convergence validity with the physical component summary of the SF-36 Health Survey, and its discriminant validity with the mental component summary of SF-36 Health Survey. Materials & Methods: The tests were conducted on 56 patients with stroke, and the scores were calculated. By using this data, the construct validity of the Wolf scale and the convergence and discriminant validity of the scores derived from the Persian version of WMFT, and the physical and mental component summary of the SF-36 Health Survey were obtained. Results: There was no significant correlation between the age and duration of the stroke in patients, and the total functional score and the median time of performing the tasks of the Persian version of WMFT (P>0.05). No significant difference was seen between the sexes in terms of the total score of performing tasks, but the median time of performing the tasks was significantly different between men and women (P=0.04). There was a moderate statistical correlation between the scores of the Persian version of WMFT and the physical component summary (r=0.60, P<0.001 and r²=0.74), and the mental component summary of SF-36 Health Survey (r=0.60, P<0.001 and r²=0.82).  Conclusion: The Persian version of WMFT has acceptable construct validity with functional variables and the overall score of the SF-36 questionnaire.}, Keywords = {Stroke, Validity, Quality of life, Function}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {49-56}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.49}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Shahrokh and Emamhadi, Mohammadreza and Alijani, Babak and CheraghSepehr, Marzieh and Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh, Naem}, title = {Psychopathological Symptoms in Caregivers of Patients With Vegetative State}, abstract ={Background: Taking care of patients in a vegetative state is a great challenge and affects the mental health of the caregivers. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the psychopathological symptoms in caregivers of patients with Vegetative State (VS) and determine the demographic and social predictors of the common symptoms. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an educational hospital in the north of Iran from 2012 to 2013. The psychopathological symptoms of 80 caregivers of VS patients were evaluated by Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire. Results were analyzed using SPSS (Version 18) by the Mann-Whitney U test. Finally, the predictors of psychopathological symptoms were determined through a simple regression model. Results: The highest scores of the psychological symptoms were of the depression subscale (2.88±0.86) and somatoform subscale (2.85±0.83). The psychopathological symptoms including somatoform (P=0.012), obsessive-compulsive (P=0.032), depression (P=0.035), anxiety (P=0.027), phobia (P=0.015), and paranoid ideations (P=0.027) were significantly higher in women than in men. However, there was no significant relationship between these symptoms and marital status. The simple regression model showed that none of the sociodemographic variables could predict psychopathological symptoms in the caregivers. Conclusion: A significant number of caregivers had psychopathological symptoms, especially depression and somatoform complaints.}, Keywords = {Persistent vegetative state, Caregivers, Psychology}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-63}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.57}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezapour, Parisa and Borjali, Ahmad and Hatamian, Hamidreza and Shafaei, Fatemeh and Janalipour, Khadije}, title = {Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Pain Control in Multiple Sclerotic Women}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system. This disease can deeply affect patient’s occupational and social activities. The goal of this psychological intervention is to help these people cope up correctly and efficiently with the challenges posed by this disease. Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in pain control in a group of women with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods: The present controlled semi-experimental study was conducted on a statistical population of women with MS in the Sari MS society during 2014-2015. Eighteen subjects were selected using the convenience sampling and assigned to either control or the experimental group. The experimental group was treated by ACT for 8 weeks (weekly 2 hours). Before the treatment, just after the treatment completion and, after one and a half months of the follow-up period, the assessment was performed. Experimental group data collection tools comprised of the Nicholas’ Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Statistical covariance tests were used to analyze the results in the SPSS software version 16. Results: Pain control received the higher scores in the experimental group as compared to the controls (P<0.001, F(1, 11)=26.53). This finding remained true during the follow-up period (P<0.001, F(1, 11)=56.55). Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of ACT in the pain control in women with MS, and this would help to broaden the horizon of the clinical interventions.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Pain, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {64-70}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.64}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Salari, Mehri and Mirmosayyeb, Omid and Etemadifar, Masoud and Hatamian, Hamidreza and Rahimi, Zohre and DelavarKasmaei, Hosein and Shahidi, Sare and Sabeti, Fateme}, title = {Prevalence of Tremors in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Isfahan, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Tremors are a common problem in the patients suffering from MS which is mostly observed in the arms but can also affect the other body parts. There have been few studies on tremors among the MS patients.  Objectives: This study is the first to report the prevalence of tremor in a group of MS patients in Iran. We have also reported the possible associations between the presence of tremor and different forms of ataxia.  Materials & Methods: This study was performed on a group of MS patients in Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Patients were interviewed, and a neurologist carried out the neurological examinations, including the evaluation of the type of tremor with the help of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS); ataxia clinical scale for dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria and gait ataxia. Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part 3.15 to 3.17 was also used for tremor classification. Tremor-related disability and handicap were scored by using Disability and Handicap Questionnaires.  Results: Out of the 164 patients, 113 had tremor (69%) of which 23 were males (20%), and 90 were females (80%). A strong correlation between tremor and ataxia was reported while there were no correlations between tremor and patient’s gender, type of MS or the first clinical presentation. Twenty-three of the 164 patients suffered from the incapacitating tremor and had serious problems doing certain tasks. We also reported tremor to greatly affect the daily activities. Conclusion: The frequency of tremor in MS is relatively high. Strong correlation is between tremor and ataxia but not with the gender, the type of MS or the first clinical presentation. The tremor of MS greatly affected the activities of the daily living.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Tremor, Prevalence}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {71-76}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.71}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Janalipour, Khadije and Essazadegan, Ali and Jahanbin, Elham and Hatamian, Hamidrez}, title = {The Effectiveness of Yoga Therapy in Increasing the Self-Efficacy of Women With MS}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is chronic and debilitating neurological disease which occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Myelin degradation is common in certain areas such as the optic nerve, brain stem, and cerebellum, which causes problems such as imbalance, inability to perform daily tasks, and ultimately affects and reduces the self-efficacy of the affected individuals. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of yoga therapy in increasing the self-efficacy of women with MS living in Rasht, Iran. Materials & Methods: This research is an applied experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included MS female patients in Rasht City who were members of the MS Society up to 2016. A total of 30 people were selected randomly and divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received yoga therapy for 3 months. Two groups completed the Multiple Sclerosis Self-efficacy Scale (MSSS) before and after the intervention. All data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (group factor analyzed with two levels of yoga therapy in a group and control manner, and time factor analyzed with three levels of pre-test, post-test and follow-up) in SPSS V. 21. Results: Analysis of variance by measurement method and analysis of the variance of 2 in 3 mixture (group agent with two levels of yoga therapy in a group and control manner, and time factor with three levels of pre-test, post-test and follow-up) with a significant level of P<0.05 showed that yoga therapy is effective in increasing the self-efficacy of patients with MS. Conclusion: Yoga therapy is effective in increasing the self-efficacy of MS patients and can be used as a supplementary therapy to improve condition of these patients and increase their self-efficacy.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Yoga therapy, Self-efficacy}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-82}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.77}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {RafieeZadeh, Aryan and Ghadimi, Keyvan and Mohammadi, Banafsheh and Hatamian, Hamidreza and Naghibi, Seyed Navid and Danaeiniya, Ali}, title = {Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Different Immune Cells Related to Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of young adults with an unknown etiology, but cellular immune responses and inflammation has a pivotal role in this regard. The higher incidence of MS among women indicates the possible involvement of female sex hormones on the disease course. Progesterone and estrogen are the most important sexual hormones in women. They exert different immunomodulatory effects through both nuclear and membrane associated receptors present in different immune cells. The immunological effects include shifting the immune response towards Th2, stimulating Treg production, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, prohibiting cell migration into Central Nervous System (CNS), suppressing proinflammatory immune cells, stabilizing the neuronal environment, and promoting neuronal survival, all of which might ameliorate the condition in women suffering from MS. Some clinical trials have reported a correlation between the use of Oral Contraceptives (OCs), which contain estrogen and progesterone, and MS among women. Some of these studies show a positive effect of OC usage on the onset and severity of the disease while others have found no significant impact. In this review, we collected articles published between 1995 and 2017 from PubMed Central and Google Scholar for evaluating effects of estrogen and progesterone on different immune cells related to MS. }, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Estrogen, Progesterone, Immune cells}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-90}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.13.83}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-209-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alsahebfosoul, Fereshteh and Rahimpourkoldeh, Shokofeh and Eskandari, Nahid and Shaygannejad, Vahid and GanjalikhaniHakemi, Mazdak and Dabiri, Arezo and Jafarnia, Morteza and Mirmossayeb, Omi}, title = {Gene Expression of CD226 and Its Serum Levels in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Background: Recent studies have found some genetic variants as a risk factor for autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cluster of Differentiation 226 (CD226) is one of the risk factors for MS.  Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of CD226, and its protein serum level in peripheral blood samples of MS patients and healthy individuals. Materials & Methods: Thirty individuals with MS and 30 healthy individuals, as controls, referred to Kashani Hospital of Isfahan, Iran. CD226 expression at the transcript level and serum protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed by Shapiro-Wilk test and nonparametric tests in SPSS.  Results: The present study showed no significant differences in the gene expression of CD226 (P=0.341). The mean serum protein level of CD226 was not different between the patients and the controls (P=0.978). Conclusion: Overall, CD226 expression has no diagnostic usefulness in MS at either the transcript or serum level.  Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Demyelinating diseases, Gene expression, Cluster of Differentiation 226 (CD226) antigen}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Demyelinating Diseases, Gene expression, CD226 antigen}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {91-97}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.91}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MehvariHabibabadwi, Jafar and Zare, Mohamad and Tabrizi, Nasim}, title = {Sleep-Related Seizures in Refractory Focal Epilepsy: Electroclinical Findings and Surgical Outcome}, abstract ={Background: Sleep Seizures (SSs) generally occur in refractory focal epilepsy, but their detailed characteristics and circadian patterns are still controversial. The effect of SSs on epilepsy surgery outcome has been addressed in few studies without definitive prognostic value.   Objectives: This study investigated the characteristics of SSs and their prognosis in refractory focal epilepsy. Materials & Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the referral epilepsy center in Isfahan, Iran from 2011 to 2015. It investigated SSs in patients with refractory focal epilepsy who underwent pre-operative evaluation. Demographic data, electroclinical findings, pathology, and postsurgical outcomes were analyzed and compared to Wake Seizures (WSs).  Before the main analysis, Shapiro-Wilk test of normality was performed. Then the Independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and 1-way ANOVA were used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS. All probability tests were two-tailed and the level of significance was defined as P≤0.05. Results: A total of 371 seizures in 113 patients were studied. The sleep/wake seizure ratio in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy (ETLE) were 0.54 and 0.91, respectively. The peak incidence of SSs in TLE and ETLE were during 4.00 to 8.00 and 0.00 to 4.00, respectively. SSs were considerably associated with EEG changes before clinical signs. Ictal EEG localization was more successful in SSs of extratemporal origin. Based on pathology findings, Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) was highly associated with SSs. Left epileptogenic zone and FCD accompanied a less favorable outcome in SSs. Conclusion: SSs are significantly more frequent in patients with ETLE and follow specific circadian patterns based on epileptogenic zone. Seizure semiology and EEG findings are in favor of more localized onset of epileptic activity in SSs of extratemporal origin. The side of epileptogenic zone, circadian pattern of seizures, well-defined epileptogenic lesion in MRI and pathology, could affect postsurgical outcomes in SSs.}, Keywords = {Circadian rhythm, Sleep, Epilepsy}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {98-107}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.98}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-224-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sedighi, Behnaz and Ghaseminejad, Amirkhosrou and Abna, Zohreh and Hassani, Baharnaz}, title = {Optical Coherence Tomography and Corpus Callosum Index in Cognitive Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis Patients}, abstract ={Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system. Different approaches have been developed to study MS progression and cognitive dysfunction as the major symptom of the disease. The current study compared Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Corpus Callosum Index (CCI) for the early evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in MS patients.  Objectives: The aim of this study is compare OCT with corpus callosum index (CCI) in early evaluation of cognitive dysfunction in MS patients. Materials & Methods: In this study, a total number of 30 patients with relapsing-remitting MS referring to outpatient clinic of Shafa Hospital (Kerman, Iran) were selected in 2016. CCI was assessed by MRI. The cognitive function of MS patients was evaluated by brief international cognitive assessment for MS and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured by OCT. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS, and the Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables. Results: In this study on MS patients of both sexes and different ages, there was no significant correlation between cognitive status and CCI (P=0.804). Among the group with impaired cognition, 81.8% of patients had abnormal OCT, and only 2 patients had normal OCT. Furthermore, our data showed a significant correlation between OCT and cognition (P=0.026).  Conclusion: According to this study, OCT is as useful method in the evaluation of axonal loss and predicting cognitive dysfunction in MS patients, compared to CCI or other measures.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Optic coherence tomography, Corpus callosum index, Cognitive function}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {108-113}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.108}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fayyazi, Emad and Shaygannejad, Vahid and Maljaie, Mohammad Bagher and Mirmosayyeb, Omid and Badihian, Shervin and Moosavian, Seyedeh Paris}, title = {Association Between Sunlight Exposure and Vitamin D Intake and Multiple Sclerosis Disability and Progression}, abstract ={Background: Some studies on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have suggested that adequate vitamin D intake can modulate the course of MS and decreases its incidence. However, there are limited studies with conflicting findings on the relation between MS severity, its course, and vitamin D intake.  Objectives: The current study aimed to compare vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure between MS phenotypes and evaluate their association with disability and fatigue in each phenotype. Materials & Methods: A total of 197 patients with MS were recruited from patients referring to MS clinic in Kashani Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Subjects were assessed for sunlight exposure, vitamin D intake, physical activity, and fatigue. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. P<0.05 were set as significant. Results: According to the obtained results, expanded disability status scale and fatigue scale scores in Primary-Progressive MS (PPMS) and Secondary-Progressive MS (SPMS) groups were higher than RRMS group. In addition, patients in RRMS group had higher scores of sun exposure and physical activity, compared to SPMS and PPMS groups. We found a negative correlation between the scores of fatigue scale and sunlight exposure scale in RRMS patients. Conclusion: We found higher sunlight exposure in RRMS group and lower sunlight exposure in the PPMS group, while dietary vitamin D intake was not different between the groups. Further studies with larger sample sizes and stronger methodologies are required to evaluate our findings.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Sunlight, Vitamin D}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {114-120}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.114}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Sajjad and Montazar, Elham and Mousavi, Seyyed Valiollah and PoorabolghasemHosseini, Shim}, title = {Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in the Elderly Population}, abstract ={Background: Old age is accompanied by impaired musculoskeletal and nervous system, which may result in low mobility and cognitive problems. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between Physical Activity (PA) and Cognitive Function (CF) among the elderly population. Objectives: ?? Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 200 old people who were members of retirement clubs in Mashhad City, Iran in 2017. They were selected using purposeful sampling method. To collect data, International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tools were employed. The Pearson correlation test and hierarchical regression analysis were used to determine the relationship and predictability of CF with PA, respectively after controlling intervening variable (age). Moreover, 1-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) analysis was used to examine difference between CF scores in different PA levels. Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between PA and CF in the elderly (r=0.63, P<0.0001). After controlling the age factor, PA was able to explain 42% of CF variance (F2,197=72.17, P<0.0001). Moreover, ANCOVA results indicated that cognitive impairment was higher in the elderly with low PA (F2,197=54.40, P<0.0001). Conclusion: This study showed that lower PA was associated with higher cognitive impairment and older people with moderate and high PA had better CF than elderly with low PA. Therefore, suitable physical activity should be planned for the elderly to improve their ability in performing cognitive tasks.}, Keywords = {Physical activity, Cognition, Frail elderly}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {121-127}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.121}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghayeghran, Amirreza and Hashemi, Seyed Tayebeh and Razzagh, Alireza and Salehi, Saedeh}, title = {The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Headache is one of the most common medical complaints occur in all ages. Migraine is the second leading cause of headache and is associated with many other disorders, such as obesity and metabolic syndromes.  Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with migraine referring to the neurological clinic. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on patients with migraine headache or history of migraine based on the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria referring to a neurology clinic in the north of Iran in 2016. The obtained data were entered in SPSS V. 22. The qualitative information were shown by average and standard deviation, also frequency and percentage were used to present nominal information. Results: A total of 360 qualified patients were studied. Their Mean±SD age was 33.25±10.64 years. About 31.1% of participants were female. A total of 31 patients (9.4% of all under study population) had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with migraine was 9.4% which is close to what reported in normal population.}, Keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Migraine headache, Prevalence}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {128-133}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.128}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Natsis, Konstantinos S. and Kyriazis, Odyssefs and Parissis, Dimitrios and Afrantou, Theodora and Angelou, Aristomenis and Ioannidis, Panagiotis}, title = {Acute Finger Paralysis: A Case Report of Cortical Ischemic Stroke}, abstract ={Somatotopic distribution of motor cortex and sensory fibers is theoretically fully understood. We present a case of stroke, mimicking peripheral palsy, with finger paralysis attributed to cortical lesion. The patient’s brain MRI may be useful to further understand the somatotopic representation of fingers in precentral and postcentral gyrus.}, Keywords = {Fingers, Paralysis, Ischemia, Infarction}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {134-136}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.14.134}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MehvariHabibabadi, Jafar and Naghibi, Navid and Falahatian, Masih and Izadi, Maryam}, title = {The Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Self-Esteem in Patients With Epilepsy}, abstract ={Background: Epilepsy is a neurologic functional disorder occurs due to the abnormal electrical discharge in neurons of the brain.  Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem in patients with epilepsy referring to Kashani Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. Materials & Methods: The present cross sectional, correlational study was conducted on 211 patients with epilepsy, referring to Kashani Hospital in Isfahan from 2017 to 2018, selected through a consecutive sampling method according to the inclusion criteria. The data collection instruments used in the current study were self-esteem and social support questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical inference with SPSS V. 23. In addition, multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were employed. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis showed that social support dimensions including spouse (F=44.88), family members (F=47.64), friends (F=31.57), physician (35.28), and nurse (F=44.25) have a significant effect on self-esteem (P<0.05). Conclusion: Effective support from spouse, family members, friends, physician, and nurse can increase the self-esteem of patients with epilepsy.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Social support, Self concept}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {137-143}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.137}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nazari, Mohammad Ali and TaghaviJelodar, Maryam and Shahrokhi, Has}, title = {Do Computer Games Affect Arousal Level in Children With Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?}, abstract ={Background: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric complication in children, which affects about 5-10% of the population. Although ADHD is a multi-factorial disorder, one of its causes refers to dysfunction of the arousal. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating whether a change in arousal level in children with ADHD differs from the control group. Materials & Methods: To achieve the research objectives, the mean Skin Conductance Levels (SCLs) as an useful index of measuring arousal levels was used, and then the changes during resting eyes-open condition and after that during playing computer games on 15 male subjects aged 8 to 12 years as the ADHD group and other 15 age-gender matched in the control group were evaluated; then, the recorded data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance. The study was conducted in a child mental health services center in Tabriz, Iran, in 2012. Results: Across conditions, mean SCL index was lower in the ADHD group than that of controls. Computer games caused a significant increase in SCL index, which was not different between the both groups. The findings showed a similar pattern of changes during testing conditions for both the ADHD and control groups F(1,28)=85.90; P<0.0001). Conclusion: Results confirmed a primary deficit related to autonomic hypoarousal in children with ADHD. The SCL results, in addition to behavioral findings, made the authors to suggest that the dynamic changes of activities in neural system are impaired in children with ADHD.}, Keywords = {Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity, Arousal, Video games}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {144-151}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.144}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ezzati, Kamran and Sarrafzadeh, Javad and EbrahimiTakamjani, Ismael and Khani, Saemeh}, title = {The Efficacy of Superficial and Deep Dry Needling Techniques on Functional Parameters in Subjects With Upper Trapezius Myofascial Pain Syndrome}, abstract ={Background: Few studies have compared superficial and deep dry needling techniques in treatment of trigger points in patients with Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS).  Objectives: To compare the effects of Superficial Dry Needling (SDN) and Deep Dry Needling (DDN) on Range of Motion (ROM) and functional ability in subjects with upper trapezius MPS. Materials & Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 50 patients with MPS of upper trapezius muscle. They were randomly divided into two groups of 25 treated with SDN and DDN. They were examined in Physiotherapy Clinic of Iran University of Medical Sciences during 2016-2017. Neck disability and cervical ROM were measured using Neck Disability Index (NDI) instrument a goniometer, respectively. The subjects were evaluated before the treatment, after the treatment, and 7-and 15-day follow-up periods. The Independent t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the two groups at different times of evaluation. Results: There was no significant difference between SDN and DDN groups in terms of age (P=0.41), weight (P=0.99), and height (P=0.51). Interaction effect between group and time on the lateral cervical ROM over the unaffected side and NDI were significant (P<0.001). The simple main effect of time and group on NDI and ROM were also significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: The changes in the ROM and NDI were observed over time when SDN and DDN techniques were used, but these changes were more significant in patients treated with DDN, especially in the follow-up periods.}, Keywords = {Myofascial Pain Syndrome, Disability, Neck pain, Range of Motion}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {152-158}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.152}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Shahrokh and Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh, Naema and Saberi, Alia and GhanbariKhanghah, Atefeh and Zarrabi, Homa and Yeganeh, Mohammad Reza and Hakimi, Hamideh and DehnadiMoghadam, Anoush}, title = {Anxiety, Depression, and Their Related Factors in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units}, abstract ={Background: Anxiety and depression are among the most common psychological symptoms in patients with life-threatening illnesses, and have a close relationship with hospitalization in specialized care units. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating anxiety and depression and their related factors in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Materials & Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 135 patients hospitalized in ICUs (neuro ICU and general ICU) of Poursina Medical Education Center in Rasht City, Iran. The patients were selected by convenience sampling method. The study data were collected using a checklist surveying demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics of the patients, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Then, the obtained data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SPSS V. 18. Results: The Mean±SD anxiety and depression scores of the study patients were 6.12±9.3 and 7.10±2.3, respectively. There was a significant relationship between short-term hospitalization and anxiety (P=0.03), and a high score of depression was observed in those with middle-school education (P=0.03) and non-invasive ventilation (P=0.01). Moreover, administration of sedatives (P=0.001) and tracheostomy ventilation (P=0.04), showed a significant correlation with depression. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression (symptoms of mood disorders) among ICU patients were relatively high and the duration of hospitalization was significantly associated with anxiety. Moreover, the administration of sedative drugs had significant correlation with depression. In addition, the type of received mechanical ventilation was associated with both disorders. Routine screening of anxiety and depression by nurses in ICUs is useful for early treatment, and can prevent long-term complications of these disorders.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Intensive Care Units}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {159-168}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.159}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MajidiShad, Maedeh and Saberi, Alia and Shakiba, Maryam and Rezamasouleh, Shadem}, title = {Evaluating the Duration of Hospitalization and Its Related Factors Among Stroke Patients}, abstract ={Background: Prolong hospitalization after a stroke is associated with increased cost, higher risk of complications, and adverse effects.  Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the length of stay and its related factors among stroke patients admitted to one of the educational and therapeutic centers in the north of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 253 stroke patients admitted to an academic hospital affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences were enrolled during 2016-2017. Their socio-demographic characteristics and medical records associated with their admission were collected. A linear regression model was used to estimate the adjusted risk factors in predicting the duration of hospitalization in SPSS 21. Results: The Mean±SD duration of hospitalization in stroke patients was 5.6±2.1 days (range 2-12 days). The multivariate regression model indicated that the unemployed versus the self-employed subjects (β=0.74), hemorrhagic versus the ischemic stroke (β=0.84), strokes with moderate volume (β=0.61) and large volume (β=1.22) compared to small volume, infectious complications, and certain physicians had an independent and significant association with increased duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Assessing the duration of hospitalization and identifying its potential predictors can be useful in the proper use of the resources and discharge of patients with stroke.}, Keywords = {Length of stay, Stroke}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {169-177}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.169}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghandehari, Kavian and Shahedi, Sharife and Valipour, Zahra and Sobhani, Mohammad Reza and Salehian, Hojat and Nazemian, Shokat and Rezae, Masumeh}, title = {Intravenous Thrombolysis, Time Window, Dosage, and Off-Label}, abstract ={Despite the development of Intravenous thrombolysis with tissue Plasminogen Activator (IVtPA) guidelines in each affiliated stroke center, protocol violations may be observed in each hospital with IVtPA facilities. An extensive search of scientific electronic databases including PubMed, OVID, Index Medicus, Index Copernicus, Google, ISI, and Scopus was performed with keywords of Thrombolysis, Off-label, Out of Protocol, Violation, Time Window, Dose, tPA, and Stroke terminated on 01 May 2018. Safety and functional outcomes are less favorable beyond three hours; however, the wider time window until 4.5 hours is recommended. Lower dose of alteplase (0.6 mg/kg) is approved in Japan. The proposed dose of tPA in Iranian population is similar to that of the Japanese. Overall, the outcomes in patients treated with off-label IVtPA or protocol violation were better than those of the controls based on registry data. There is little disagreement about time window of IVtPA. The dose of 0.6 mg/kg is used in some Asian countries with similar therapeutic results.}, Keywords = {Stroke, Tissue Plasminogen Activator}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {178-183}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.178}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Janghorbani, Mohsen and Barzegar, Mahdi and Mirmosayyeb, Omid and Shaygannejad, Vahi}, title = {Ischemic Strokes in a Young Woman With Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Background: The current case report aimed at describing the clinical, radiological, and immunological findings of a case of ischemic stroke due to acute thrombosis of the left internal carotid artery and multiple watershed infarctions mimicking Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 24-year-old right-handed Iranian female was initially diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). She presented with weakness in right lower limb. The cerebral Fluid Attenuation Inversion (FLAIR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed few small and round lesions in deep white matter, semi-oval centrums, paraventricular region, and subcortical region on left hemisphere. MS was suspected. The patient’s neurological status worsened, after four days she presented hemi-paresis, dysarthria, and hemi-facial paresis. The cerebral Diffusion-Weighted (DW)-MRI, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Duplex Scan (DS), Complete Blood Count (CBC), coagulation, blood chemistry, blood lipids, and autoimmune and immunodiagnostic pathology were performed. Test for Anti-double stain DNA (dsDNA), IgG anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant were positive. DNA bound lactoferrin, anti-Sm antibodies, Anti-Sjögren’s-Syndrome-related Antigen (Anti-SSA) autoantibodies, IgM anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and Anti-beta-2 glycoprotein-1 (IgMIgG) were negative. Ischemic stroke due to acute thrombosis of the left internal carotid artery and multiple watershed infarctions were confirmed in the patient. Heparin and then warfarin therapy was started. At that time she was treated with warfarin, hydroxychloroquine (200 mg/d) and atorvastatin (20 mg/d). The outcome was favorable.  Conclusion: The current case presented with clinically susceptible symptoms of MS, but had a stroke. Therefore, stroke in young patients can mimic MS symptoms.}, Keywords = {Diagnosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {184-189}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.29252/cjns.4.15.184}, url = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.html}, eprint = {http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.pdf}, journal = {Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences}, issn = {2383-4307}, eissn = {2423-4818}, year = {2018} }