Volume 3, Issue 2 (Spring 2017)                   Caspian J Neurol Sci 2017, 3(2): 106-117 | Back to browse issues page


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Mohammadzadeh B. Providing Intelligent Software to Diagnose the Type and Severity of Mental Disorders Based on QEEG: A Comparative Study between the Statistical Method and the Intelligent Method. Caspian J Neurol Sci 2017; 3 (2) :106-117
URL: http://cjns.gums.ac.ir/article-1-181-en.html
Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran; babak2000_m@yahoo.com
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ABSTRACT

Introduction

Each mental disorder is thought to be a clinically important behavioral or psychological pattern or syndrome that manifests in one person and is associated with a discomfort (a painful sign) or a disability (disorder in one or more important functions), or with a considerable increase in the risk of death, pain, discomfort, disability, or the lack of freedom [1]. In addition, this syndrome or pattern should not merely be an expected and approved cultural response against a particular event, such as the death of a loved one. Whatever the main cause, it should be now considered as a behavioral or psychological biological functional disorder in an individual [2].
This type of diagnosis is based on the views of a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist using DSM-5 [3]. A diagnosis can be also made through testing [4]. Considering the common disagreements among experts in some diagnostic cases and as the paper-pencil tests are self-reported and the subjects may pretend to be good or bad (fake bad and fake good), as well as the effect of pre-learning (the effect of pre-test) on the subjects, and that the diagnostic criteria are not based on biomarkers, all deteriorate the validity and reliability of the diagnosis [5].
Previous studies have also been conducted to diagnose mental disorders using artificial intelligence techniques [6]. Imianvan and Obi [7] developed a diagnostic system for bipolar disorder using Neuro-fuzzy tools. The Neuro-fuzzy logically uses neural network techniques to find the parameters of the fuzzy system. Yousif et al. [8] developed and implemented a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to categorize voice samples and identify mental health problems. The proposed categorization system determined whether the voice sample was created by a person with mental problems or not. Schizophrenia and mania are among these mental problems. The project had 99% accuracy. Lopes et al. [9] tried to find the common component of mental illnesses by a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The MLP was optimized by Ant Colony Algorithm.The project intended to identify variables that occur more frequently. The accuracy of the method was 89.2%. Abusaa et al. [10] created a text mining system to identify psychiatric problems with clustering and categorization methods. Their goal was to differentiate voice samples made by mental patients or healthy people. That study achieved an accuracy of over 92%. Kazas and Margaliot [11] followed an algorithmic approach to visualizing the topology of mental illnesses using a Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM). They trained the SOFM for the production of a two-dimensional map of 24 well-known psychiatric patients. Each disorder was represented by a vector containing 82 entries that included the symptoms of the disorder. This map showed the final clusters of mental illnesses. Each cluster contained similar disorders and the map discriminated them from other clusters. This provided a method for visualization and transparent graphing of the topology of mental disorders.
The common feature of previous studies is their limited ability to detect only one or at most two disorders without identifying the severity of the disease and the probable confidence level of intelligent diagnosis. In those instances, there is no possibility of the neural network evolution over time with new data. Therefore, they always offer static results. In the current software, in addition to this possibility, it is possible to define a new disorder without programming. As a distinctive feature of this comprehensiveness software, it can support most mental illnesses in the case of available training samples. In this software, identifying the severity of the mental disorder in addition to its type is a major distinctive success in the field of diagnosis and tracking clinical outcomes of treatment. Another important point about the severity of the disease is the coincidence of the severity provided by the software for each particular disease in accordance with an objective gold standard. For example, if depression is diagnosed, the severity of depression is expressed in terms of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-S) and is clinically interpretable. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a software program for diagnosing the type and severity of mental disorders according to QEEG.
The present study tried to use a researcher-made software program and method based on QEEG biomarker to intelligently diagnose the type of mental disorder by expressing the confidence level. In addition, it quantitatively expresses the severity of the disorder in order to track the clinical outcomes of various types of medical and psychological treatments.

Materials and Methods
In this paper, for benchmarking the test results, a case-by-case test was carried out on four types of drug addiction and the results of the software were compared with the results of data Discriminant Analysis (DA) in SPSS version 20 and then reported.
Data from the Neuroguide Training software that is capable of providing a QEEG in three distinct assemblies (19-channel) was used as the data in this research. The data was collected through brain mapping of 45 addicted patients (crystal-glass, tramadol, heroin/opium) and 15 healthy people as a source of statistical analysis in SPSS, as well as four training groups of artificial neural intelligence network within the diagnosis software. In order to test the software, 60 other subjects including 45 addicts and 15 healthy people were enrolled. The parameters of sensitivity, specificity, diagnosis, area under the ROC Curve (AUC), Kappa coefficient, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood were obtained comparatively with the conventional DA method.
Samples of this study were collected through convenience sampling from two psychology and psychiatry centers in Tabriz, both of which provided neurofeedback treatment based on QEEG. Summarize the demographic data of the participants in the study as follows: The mean, standard deviation and age range of tramadol- addicted patients (n=30) were 28.93, 2.96, 21-33 respectively. The same descriptive indicators for heroin and opium addicted patients (n=30) were 29.93, 1.43, 28-34 respectively; also for crystal-glass addicted patients (n=30) were 30.40, 1.80, 27-34. Finally, these descriptive indicators for healthy controls (n=30) were 29.53, 2.35, 25-33 respectively.
Half of the aforementioned participants were used to test and validate the diagnostic software. The variables of this research were the absolute power of the 8 bands, brain encephalogram include (alpha, beta, theta, delta, high beta, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3) with Frequency range (1.0-3.5 Hz, 4.0-7.5 Hz, 8.0-12.0 Hz, 12.5-25.0 Hz, 25.5-30.0 Hz., 25.5-30.0 Hz, 12.0-15.0 Hz, 15.0-17.5 Hz, 18.0-25.0 Hz) was prepared in a 19-line matrix with 8 brain positions and 8 frequency bands. Furthermore, the following 19 points were recorded in accordance with the International 10–20 system )C3, C4, P3, P4, O2, O1, P4, P3, P4, F8, F8, T3, T4, T5, Fz, Cz, Pz, F7).
After recording and deletion of artifacts, the absolute power of the 8 bands (alpha, beta, theta, delta, high beta, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3)  was prepared in a 19-line matrix with 8 brain positions and 8 frequency bands, which is a huge mathematical matrix for each individual. This was done for all the subjects and used in the software training phase. For the diagnosis and evaluation of a new patient, the software reads data of the EEG simply from the data input menu and performs the network simulation phase and provides the output that is the type and severity of the disorder. The data of the first 60 people were analyzed in SPSS and the 4 groups were significant. Then 3 diagnostic equations were determined. The results of the analysis in SPSS will follow and then the results of the current statistical method and the new diagnostic software were compared. Summary of methodology and comparison of two different methods of statistical diagnosis and clinical auto-diagnosis in this study in the table 1 is presented:
Table 1. A summary of the methodology of this research and how to assign subjects to groups
Experimental group Number Role and function The kind of analysis applied to the data The calculated parameters of the outputs for comparing the gold standard group and the AI group
Method 1
(statistical and clinical)
Addicted to tramadol 15 Gold standard group
(The score and its resulting diagnosis are from an objective valid parallel test. Here the diagnosis is of a clinical psychology expert, that is, both the QEEG and diagnosis of the clinician are obtained for each individual in the group and the diagnostic functions are ultimately obtained by the statistical method)
Discriminant Analysis
 
Sensitivity, specificity, diagnosis, and calculation of the area under the ROC curve (AUC), Kappa coefficient, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio
Addicted to heroin and opium 15
Addicted to crystal-glass 15
Healthy controls 15
Method 2
(intelligent)
Addicted to tramadol 15 Validation Group
(The test, evaluation, and validation group of the neural network in the software. Both the QEEG and the clinical diagnosis were obtained for the people of this group, too, but they were finally used as data from the neural network training group)
Learning algorithms after the emergence of artificial neural network and genetic evolutionary algorithms Sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR-, Kappa statistics, area  under the ROC curve
Addicted to heroin and opium 15
Addicted to crystal-glass 15
Healthy controls 15
Total subjects 120

Results
Results section of this research has three sub-sections:
The first section examines the significance of the difference of means of brain frequency bands of the four groups.
The second section examines the eight frequencies bands and the frontal, parietal and central lobes of the brain to determine whether it is possible to determine the type of abused substance through his brain waves or not. The discriminant analysis function are then created (for brevity, the frontal and parietal calculations are excluded and only their results are presented in this paper, the statistical computation of the central areas [C4-CZ-C3], is however fully described).
In the third section, the results from applying EEG of the remaining 60 subjects who did not participate in the software learning neural network process were entered into the software and compared with the statistical results.
Section one: hypothesis: It appears that a significant difference exists between the absolute power of the bands in the frontal, central and occipital brain areas of the four groups of subjects addicted to heroin and opium, tramadol, crystal-glass, and the healthy controls.
Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics in the central area of the brain for the four groups (healthy controls and addicted to tramadol, addicted to heroin and opium, or addicted to crystal-glass).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the absolute power of the bands in the four groups in the Central area of the brain
Groups Waves - Mean absolute power - SD  -               Minimum - Maximum
Addicted to tramadol Delta 107.193 77.027 25.992 206.314
Theta 163.128 138. 689 23. 493 333. 482
Alpha 149. 875 151. 248 2. 572 329. 427
Beta 296. 568 306. 740 1. 140 660. 345
High Beta 20. 892 21. 769 0. 021 46. 846
Beta1 110. 615 113. 444 0. 810 244. 974
Beta2 89. 308 92. 421 0. 316 198. 865
Beta3 128. 314 133 .356 0. 245 286. 541
Addicted to heroin and opium Delta 21. 789 11 .165 8. 508 39. 662
Theta 11. 595 5. 745 7. 258 28. 539
Alpha 5.792 1.816 3.910 10.049
Beta 3.930 2.123 1.829 9.660
High Beta 0.149 0.155 0.052 0.617
Beta1 2.283 0.715 1.294 3.205
Beta2 1.031 0.569 0.496 2.444
Beta3 1.267 1.251 0.459 5.093
Addicted to crystal-glass Delta 188.363 16.495 166.842 206.314
Theta 307.618 29.231 267. 272 333. 482
Alpha 306. 752 26. 647 269. 804 329. 427
Beta 614. 556 55. 256 537. 757 66. 345
High Beta 43. 474 4. 073 37. 812 46. 846
Beta1 228. 181 20. 436 199. 758 244. 974
Beta2 185. 123 16. 482 162. 226 198. 865
Beta3 266.569 24.093 233.083 286.541
Healthy controls Delta 11.213 5.120 5.676 20.212
Theta 9.390 4.766 6.405 24.494
Alpha 19. 322 13. 517 10. 368 61. 401
Beta 9.983 5.678 4.661 20.598
High Beta 1.163 0.689 0.485 2.523
Beta1 5.336 3.661 1.874 11.772
Beta2 2.525 1.193 1.383 5.099
Beta3 3.571 1.726 1.888 6.398

In the frontal area, the absolute power of the bands in the group abusing crystal-glass was more than that of the group addicted to tramadol. In the heroin and opium addicted and the healthy controls groups, the absolute power of the bands was lower and there was no significant difference in the SD of the two groups.
In the central area, the absolute power of the bands in the group abusing crystal-glass was more than that of the groups addicted to tramadol. In the heroin and opium addicted and the healthy controls groups, the absolute power of the bands was lower and there was no significant difference in the SD.
In the occipital area, the absolute power of the bands in the group abusing crystal-glass was more than that of the groups addicted to tramadol. In the heroin and opium addicted and the healthy controls groups, the absolute power of the bands was lower and the absolute power of the bands was more than the frontal and central brain areas.
Equivalence testing for covariance matrix was statistically significant (Box's M=7843.996, p=0.0001). The amount of Box did not reach the significant level of 0.05. The output was interpreted as there was no significant violation of the homogeneity hypothesis of the variance covariance matrix in these two populations.
The Wilks' lambda multivariate test showed that the effect of groups is significant in the frontal, central and occipital brain areas on the absolute power of the bands (f =26.069, p<0.05). The Levene's test of Equality of Error Variances is significant for all groups in all dependent variables (p<0.01); But the output was interpreted as there was no significant violation of the homogeneity hypothesis of the variance matrix in these two populations.
The Tukey’s test was performed for the four groups in the absolute power of the bands. There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of the delta band. The between-group difference was 81.84 for the tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -69.11 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 102.20 for tramadol/healthy groups; -150.96 for heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups; 20.35 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and171.32 for crystal-glass /healthy groups.
There was a significant difference between the groups in the absolute power of theta band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 159.95 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -127.57 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 163.22 for tramadol/healthy groups;  -287.52  for heroin and opium/crystal/glass groups, 3.26 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and 190.79 for crystal-glass/healthy groups. The difference in the absolute power of theta band was insignificant in heroin and opium/healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of the Alpha band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 156.73 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -134.13 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 140.22 for tramadol/healthy groups; -290.86 for. Heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups; -16.70 for heroin and opium/healthy groups and 274.16 for crystal/glass /healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of the beta band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 317.35 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -268.54 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 311.98 for tramadol/healthy groups; -585.89 for heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups, -5.36 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and580.53crystal-glass /healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of the high beta band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 22.26 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -18.58 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 21.34 for tramadol/healthy groups; -41.11 for heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups; 0.919 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and40.20 for crystal-glass /healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of thebeta1 band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 117.77 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -99.78 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 115.04 for tramadol/healthy groups; -217.56 for heroin and opium/crystal/glass groups; -2.73 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and 214.83 for crystal-glass /healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of the beta 2 band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 95.68 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -80.90 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 94.41 for tramadol/healthy groups; -176.58 for heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups; -1.27 for heroin and opium/healthy groups, and 175.31 for crystal/glass/healthy groups.
There was a significant difference among the groups in the absolute power of thebeta3 band, except for the heroin and opium/healthy groups (p<0.01). The between-group difference was 137.61 for tramadol/heroin and opium groups; -116.44 for tramadol/crystal-glass groups; 135.44 for tramadol/healthy groups; -254.05 for heroin and opium/crystal-glass groups; -2.16 for heroin and opium/healthy groups; 251.89 for crystal-glass/healthy groups.
The absolute power of delta band of the addicted to tramadol group did not show any significant difference in any areas of the head with a significance level greater than 0.01.In the addicted to heroin and opium group, there is no significant difference in the frontal/central areas (p>0.01). There was a significant difference in the frontal/occipital and central/occipital with a significance level of p<0.01 and a mean difference of -17.855 and -26.56, respectively. The mean difference in  the  addicted to crystal-glass group in the frontal/central areas (-16.707), frontal/occipital (-38.576), and central/occipital areas (-21.86) was significant in the absolute power of delta band at the significance level of less than 0.01.
The mean difference in the healthy controls group in the frontal/central areas was not significant at the significance level of more than 0.01, but in the frontal/occipital (7.39), and central/occipital areas (6.11) was significant in the absolute power of delta band at the significance level of less than 0.01.
The mean difference in the addicted to tramadol group in the frontal/central areas was not significant in the theta band at the significance level of greater than 0.01, but it was significant in the frontal/occipital (-91.48), and central/occipital areas (-15.84) at the significance level of less than 0.01.
The mean difference in the addicted to heroin and opium group in the frontal/central areas was not significant in the theta band at the significance level of more than 0.01, but in the frontal/occipital (-19.24), and central/occipital areas (-16.73) was significant at the significance level of less than 0.01.
The mean difference in the addicted to crystal-glass group in the frontal/central (-36.30), frontal/occipital (-120.36), and central/occipital areas (-21.86) was significant at the significance level of less than 0.01.
The mean difference in the healthy controls group in the frontal/central areas was not significant at the significance level of more than 0.01, but in the frontal/occipital (5.36), and central/occipital areas (3.81) was significant at the significance level of less than 0.01.
Figure 1 shows the final results of the mean absolute power of the bands in the four groups in 12 points on the head.  It shows that the absolute power of the bands in the occipital area (O2) was more than other areas.
There was a smaller difference in the mean absolute power of the bands between the addicted to heroin and opium group and the healthy controls. There was a  significant difference in the mean absolute power of the bands between the addicted to tramadol and crystal -glass groups and addicted to heroin and healthy controls groups.

AWT IMAGE
Figure 1. The differentiation of mean absolute power of the bands in the four groups in 12 points on the head.
(C: Central, F: Frontal, FP: Prefrontal, O: Occipital, Fz: Frontal ziro)

The Discriminant Analysis was simultaneously performed to determine whether the absolute power of central 8 band waves can predict the membership in the addicted to tramadol, heroin/opium, crystal-glass , or healthy controls group, or not.
The Wilks’ Lambda of all three functions was significant.  λ=0.040, χ2=565.162, p=0.0001 and λ=0.451, χ2=139.261, p=0.0001 and  λ=0.769, χ2=45.962, p=0.0001 show that the predictor variables generally distinguished the performance of groups of addicted to tramadol, addicted to heroin and opium, addicted to crystal-glass, and healthy controls.
Table 3 shows the intragroup correlation between the predictor variables and the discriminant function as well as the standardized weights in the central areas.
 
Table 3. Standard and correlation coefficients of the discriminant function variables in the central areas
Predictor variables Standard coefficients of the function Correlation coefficients of the function
1 2 3 1 2 3
Delta 0.913 -2.865 5.028 0.532 0.620 0.573
Theta 16.253 -0.148 -14.368 0.508 0.693 0.511
Alpha -6.975 7.458 -2.542 0.447 0.740 0.503
Beta -7.907 -3.865 12.464 0.462 0.699 0.540

The absolute power of the beta, beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 bands were eliminated from the  discriminant function1. Based on these coefficients, in the first function of the tramadol group equation, the absolute power of the delta band had the greatest relationship with the discriminant function with the coefficient of 0.532; in the second function of the heroin and opium group equation, the absolute power of the alpha band with a coefficient of 0.740; and the third function of the equation of crystal-glass and opium group equation, the absolute power of the delta band with a coefficient of 0.573 had a good and moderate relationship with the discriminant function in the central areas. The equations of functions are as follows.
  • (Tramadol) D1 = delta (0.532) + Theta (0.508) + Alpha (0.447) + Beta (0.462)
  • (Heroin and opium) D2 = delta (0.620) + Theta (0.693) + Alpha (0.740) + Beta (0.699)
  • (crystal-glass) D3 = delta (0.573) + Theta (0.511) + Alpha (0.503) + Beta (0.540)
Table 4 shows the classification of discriminant function for the central areas where the discriminant function has classified 81.1% of all cases correctly.
 
Table 4. Classification of discriminant function for the central areas
Group membership prediction Total
Tramadol Heroin Crystal-glass Healthy
Count Tramadol 23 0 22 0 45
Heroin and opium 4 33 0 8 45
Crystal-glass 0 0 45 0 45
Healthy controls 0 0 0 45 45
% Tramadol 1.51 0 9.48 0 100
Heroin and opium 8.9 73.3 0 17.8 100
Crystal-glass 0 0 100 0 100
Healthy controls 0 0 0 100 100
Note: 81.1% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

The discriminant function correctly predicted the tramadol addicts by 51.1%, heroin and opium addicts by 73.3%, crystal-glass addicts by 100% and healthy controls by 100%.That is, in the central area, the performance of absolute power of delta, theta, alpha and beta bands in the prediction of the crystal-glass addicts and the healthy people groups was better than the rest of the groups. This performance was lower in the tramadol addicts group (51.1%) and 48.9% of them were mistakenly classified in the crystal-glass addicts group.
The third section of results is the comparison results from diagnosis software and the mean of the results of the three brain lobes with statistical manner and artificial intelligent manner:
These results show that the intelligent software had a better performance with 88% correct diagnosis accuracy rate compared to the DA statistical method with 75.2% accuracy rate )table 5).
 
Table 5. The mean accuracy rate of DA and the diagnosis software for the four groups
Lobe The DA method
(%)
The results of the software (%)
Occipital 73.3 85
Frontal 71.2 39
Central 81.1 90
Mean Accuracy Rate 75.2 88

The interpretation of the area under the ROC curve (AUC):
One of the diagnostic criteria is the area under the ROC curve in which the values ​​of 0 to 0.5 represent random classification, and values ​​of 0.5 to 1 represent the overall diagnostic capability of the model. According to table 6, the area under the ROC curve in the test group for the intelligent diagnosis software and DA was 89  and 73.9 percent, respectively. In addition, the results of the comparison of diagnostic functions (DA method) and the ANN intelligent diagnosis software models with 95% confidence showed that the area under the ROC-curve and accuracy rate for diagnostic analysis (DA) were 73.9 and 75.9% (p<0.0001), respectively, while the same values for the ANN intelligent diagnosis software were calculated 89 and 88% (p<0.0001) respectively. Figure 2 shows the ROC curve for both models.
AWT IMAGE
Figure 2. ROC curve based on the DA method and the presented artificial intelligence diagnosis software.
Green: The presented artificial intelligence software; Blue: The DA method; Gray: Reference Line.
 
Table 6. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive likelihood ratio, Negative likelihood ratio, Kappa statistics, and the area under the ROC curve for the two models
Model Sensitivity Specificity *LR+ LR- Kappa statistics AUC **
Discriminant analysis 0.677 0.66 1.99 0.49 0.363 0.739
Intelligent diagnosis software 0.836 0.884 7.21 0.19 0.712 0.890
* Positive likelihood ratio, Negative likelihood ratio, ** (Area under the ROC curve)

Accuracy rate index
Another indicator of fitness is the accuracy rate. That is a ratio of cases correctly classified in each category in which the values ​​of 0 to 1 represent the diagnostic capabilities of models at a level. The correctly predicted ratios in the table above indicate the correct classification of the network in the training group. According  to the table, the percentage of correct predictions for the intelligent diagnosis software was 88% and for the DA method was 75.2%.

Discussion
Finding the severity of the mental disorder in addition to finding its type for tracking the clinical outcomes of the interventions is a major concern in this field that is answered by the developed software.
In Comparing the results of the DA method and previous studies results about the types of substance addiction, Bayrami et al. [12], for instance concluded that chronic abuse of psychoactive substances damages ever all brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, and thus disrupts the cognitive functions of these areas.
Their results were consistent with the present study. The increase in fast waves in the frontal lobe represents a type of pathological hyperactivity in the area. LO examined the issue of relapse based on QEEG and suggested that the ANCOVA of the power spectral density of EEG in previously defined excitation bands showed that there was an increase in the high frequency (5.19-8.39 Hz) of the beta activity among the 48 patients who relapsed abusing drugs recently compared with 59 cases that did not relapse, as well as the 22 healthy subjects. The important point is that in logistic regression which was followed up, the power parameter (FAST Beta POWER) was found as the only predictor of severity of disorder, depression level and childhood conduct disorder in predicting relapsing drug abuse with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power (PPP) parameter, and negative predictive power (NPP) on discriminate between the results with the values ​​of 61%, 85%, 75% and 74%, respectively. Increased FAST Beta EEG activity in patients who will eventually relapse is due to the subtle pre-disease and dysfunction factors in the frontal areas of the brain [13]. As noted in this diagnosis analysis study, the high power of fast waves in the frontal areas represents the alignment of the results.
In this study, in addition to the above-mentioned comparisons, two different models, with two different methodologies (statistical and artificial intelligence), were used to diagnose and predict mental disorders in the individuals and their results were compared. According to the findings, the intelligent diagnosis software model, programmed by the authors had the highest sensitivity. Examining the characteristics indicates that the intelligent diagnosis software is more powerful to recognize the right healthy people than the statistical DA method.
Kappa statistic also indicates that the intelligent diagnosis software model had a better performance. Although other studies have been conducted on statistical modeling and artificial intelligence modeling for the diagnosis of mental disorders - a number of which were briefly mentioned in the introduction- they mainly aimed to identify the effective demographic factors such as age sex, and race. The purpose of this study, however, was to compare the accuracy and predictive accuracy of a statistical model and compare it with the accuracy of the proposed intelligent diagnosis software model. In this way, the mental disorders diagnosis software can be used as a biomarker-based method rather than self-reported psychological tests, with a high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing the type and severity of mental disorders. Moreover, this diagnosis software, in addition to identifying the type of mental disorder, intelligently diagnoses the severity of mental disorders - for the first time - only using QEEG, without the need for Paper-Pencil tests, and with the scoring of valid subjective scales for each disorder. For instance, depression was scored based on the Beck Depression Inventory for subsequent clinical interventions outcome tracking. Indicating the correct probability of confidence in the accuracy of diagnosis, i.e. confidence level is also another distinctive feature of the software.
 
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors hereby sincerely thank all co-workers, participants, and patients in addiction clinics in Tabriz and all those who participated in this study.
 
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2017/08/7 | Accepted: 2017/08/7 | Published: 2017/08/7

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